Final Exam Flashcards by lauren b

The universe is _____.

Expanding?
Contracting?
Remaining the same size?

Expanding

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The formation of the Sun and its planets is described in the _____.

big bang theory?
nebular hypothesis?
plate tectonic theory?

the nebular hypothesis

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Which of the following is the most common chemical element in the solid Earth?

Iron
Magnesium
Oxygen
Silicon

Iron

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Name the layer of Earth that is composed mainly of rocky silicate minerals.

The crust

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Name the layer of the Earth that is composed mainly of Iron.

The core

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The outer layer of the Earth that is strong, solid, and broken into the tectonic plates is the _____.

Asthenosphere?
Lithosphere?
Outer Core?
Inner Core?

Lithosphere

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The layer of the Earth immediately beneath the tectonic plates that is weak and partly molten is the _____.

Asthenosphere?
Lithosphere?
Outer Core?
Inner Core?

Asthenosphere

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The layer of Earth that is completely molten and generates the Earth’s magnetic field is the _____.

Asthenosphere?
Lithosphere?
Outer Core?
Inner Core?

Outer Core

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The layer of Earth that is solid despite being at a higher temperature is the _____.

Asthenosphere?
Lithosphere?
Outer Core?
Inner Core?

Inner Core

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New oceanic crust is being formed at these plate boundaries.

Convergent?
Divergent?
Transform?

Divergent

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Old oceanic crust is being destroyed at these plate boundaries.

Convergent?
Divergent?
Transform?

Convergent

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You would expect earthquakes but no volcanism at these plate boundaries.

Convergent?
Divergent?
Transform?

as well as

Continental-Continental Convergent?
Oceanic-Continental Convergent?
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent?

Transform and Continental-Continental Convergent

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The location along an underground fault where an earthquake begins is called the _____.

Barycenter?
Epicenter?
Focus?
Event Horizon?

Focus

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The location on the surface of the Earth directly above where an earthquake begins is called the _____.

Barycenter?
Epicenter?
Focus?
Event Horizon?

Epicenter

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The likelihood of an earthquake occurring at a given location is called _____.

Seismic gap?
Seismic hazard?
Seismic risk?

Seismic hazard

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The likely damage and destruction caused by an earthquake in a given location is called _____.

Seismic gap?
Seismic hazard?
Seismic risk?

Seismic risk

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The original earthquake magnitude scale was the _____.

Modified Mercalli Scale?
Moment Magnitude Scale?
Richter Scale?

the Richter Scale

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The Standard earthquake scale used today is the _____.

Modified Mercalli Scale?
Moment Magnitude Scale?
Richter Scale?

the Moment Magnitude Scale

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The scale used to estimate the size of an earthquake, used before modern seismometers, based on historical records of damages is the _____.

Modified Mercalli Scale?
Moment Magnitude Scale?
Richter Scale?

the Modified Mercalli Scale

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Normal and reverse faults are both types of _____.

Dip-slip faults?
Oblique faults?
Strike-slip faults?

Dip-slip faults

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Left-lateral and right-lateral faults are both types of _____.

Dip-slip faults?
Oblique faults?
Strike-slip faults?

Strike-slip faults

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The earthquake prediction technique that predicts WHERE along a fault an earthquake might occur based on where stress has been building is _____.

seismic gap?
seismic hazard?
seismic risk?

seismic gap

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The 3 different landslide motions are FALL, FLOW, and _____.

Slide

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Sand volcanoes are caused by _____.

The angle of repose of loose dry material?
Debris riding a cushion of air?
Liquefaction?

Liquefaction

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Seismic shaking during an earthquake is more intense in areas underlain by _____. Solid bedrock? Unconsolidated soil or sediment? Equally intense?

Unconsolidated soil or sediment

The earthquake hazard capable of causing damage farthest from the epicenter is _____. Fire? Landslides? Shedding? Tsunami?

Tsunami

The permanent lowering of costal areas during earthquakes produces permanent flooding known as _____. Damburst floods? Impoundment floods? Seiches? Transgression flooding?

Transgression flooding

The U.S. Army Core of Engineers recently spent millions of dollars to better protect Manhattan, KS from _____. Damburst floods? Impoundment floods? Seiches? Transgression flooding?

Damburst floods

This was the most recent large earthquake along the San Andreas fault near San Francisco in NORTHERN California. ``` Loma Prieta, CA (1989) Northridge, CA (1994) Mexico City, Mexico (1985) Soviet Armenia (1988) Japan (2011) ```

Loma Prieta, CA (1989)

This notable earthquake cause death and destruction hundreds of miles inland from its epicenter on the ocean floor. ``` Loma Prieta, CA (1989) Northridge, CA (1994) Mexico City, Mexico (1985) Soviet Armenia (1988) Japan (2011) ```

Mexico City, Mexico (1985)

This was the most recent large earthquake along the San Andreas fault near San Francisco in SOUTHERN California. ``` Loma Prieta, CA (1989) Northridge, CA (1994) Mexico City, Mexico (1985) Soviet Armenia (1988) Japan (2011) ```

Northridge, CA (1994)

Even though the earthquakes and populations were equivalent, why was there more destruction in the Soviet Armenia earthquake then in the Loma Prieta earthquake?

Building codes in Soviet Armenia were not followed

This notable earthquake featured the release of radioactive material as a new earthquake-realated hazard. ``` Loma Prieta, CA (1989) Northridge, CA (1994) Mexico City, Mexico (1985) Soviet Armenia (1988) Japan (2011) ```

Japan (2011)

If the 1811-1812 earthquakes of New Madrid, MO happened today, would the death toll be higher or lower and why?

Higher. The area is now more highly populated and urban with larger infrastructures.

What was the major earthquake hazard of the 1692 earthquake in Port Royal, Jamaica?

liquefaction

In which of the following earthquakes was the city devastated by fire in the aftermath of the earthquake? Huaxian, China (1556) Port Royal, Jamaica (1692) Lisbon, Portugal (1755) Sichuan, China (2008)

Lisbon, Portugal (1755)

This earthquake still holds the record for the highest death toll. Huaxian, China (1556) Port Royal, Jamaica (1692) Lisbon, Portugal (1755) Sichuan, China (2008)

Huaxian, China (1556)

Igneous rock types such as rhyolite and basalt are classified on the basis of their _____. Iron content? Magnesium content? Silica content?

Silica content

Which of the following lavas has the highest silica content? Rhyolite lava? Andesite lava? Basalt lava?

Rhyolite lava

Which of the following lavas is most likely to erupt explosively? Rhyolite lava? Andesite lava? Basalt lava?

Rhyolite lava

Which of the following types of volcanic rock is pyroclastic? Obsidian? Vesicular basalt? Both obsidian and vesicular basalt?

Obsidian

A volcano that has not erupted in recorded history, but shows no signs of erosion is called _____. Active? Dormant? Extinct?

Dormant

Volcanic gas vents and the boiling water of Old Faithful geyser are both examples of _____. Fumaroles? Phreatic eruptions? Pelean-style eruptions?

Fumaroles

Catastrophic eruptions (also called super volcanic eruptions) are how _____ form. Calderas? Craters? Fissures?

Calderas

The largest volcanic cones, composed of thousands of individual basalt lava flows, are called _____. Cinder cones? Composite volcanoes? Shield volcanoes?

Shield volcanoes

Small volcanic cones the are completely composed of pyroclastic debris are called _____. Cinder cones? Composite volcanoes? Shield volcanoes?

Cinder cones

The PRIMARY volcanic hazard that has caused the MOST deaths over the past 500 years is _____. Lava flow? Tephra fall? Pyroclastic flow?

Pyroclastic flow

The PRIMARY volcanic hazard that has caused the LEAST deaths over the past 500 years is _____. Lava flow? Tephra fall? Pyroclastic flow?

Lava flow

This SECONDARY volcanic hazard includes volcanic mudflows also called _____. Lahars? Pyroclasts? Tephra?

Lahars

This INDIRECT volcanic hazard has been called the "most surprising volcanic hazard." Lightning? Tsunami? Volcanogenic gas?

Lightning

Which of the different types of volcanic hazards can cause problems before an eruption has taken place? Primary volcanic hazards? Secondary volcanic hazards? Indirect volcanic hazards? Social volcanic hazards?

Social Volcanic hazards

The 79 AD eruption of Mt. Vesuvius began as a Vesuvian eruption, but became a _____ eruption. Pelean? Plinian? Phraetic?

Plinian

The "dark and dreadful cloud" reported rolling out over the Bay of Naples during the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius was _____. Lava flow? Tephra fall? Pyroclastic flow?

Pyroclastic flow

Which ancient civilization was damaged by the eruption of Thera (now called Santorini) in 1628? The ancient Egyptians? The ancient Greeks? The ancient Romans? The Minoans?

The Minoans

The supervolcanic eruptions at Yellowstone happened over a _____. Divergent plate boundary? Convergent plate boundary? Mantle plume? Transform plate boundary?

a mantle plume

This notable eruption took place at the divergent plate boundary known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge seafloor spreading center. ``` Laki, Iceland (1793) Heimaey, Iceland (1973) Iceland (2010) Mt. Pelee, Martinique (1902) Mt. Katmai, Alaska (1912) Mt. Kelud, Indonesia (1919) Paricutin, Mexico (1934-1952) ```

Laki, Iceland (1793) OR Heimaey, Iceland (1973) OR Iceland (2010)

In this notable eruption the government actually attempted to prohibit people form leaving the area prior to the eruption. ``` Laki, Iceland (1793) Heimaey, Iceland (1973) Iceland (2010) Mt. Pelee, Martinique (1902) Mt. Katmai, Alaska (1912) Mt. Kelud, Indonesia (1919) Paricutin, Mexico (1934-1952) ```

Mt. Pelee, Martinique (1902)

This little known eruption was actually larger than the 1980 eruption of Mt. Saint Helens, and is the largest eruption of the 20th century. ``` Laki, Iceland (1793) Heimaey, Iceland (1973) Iceland (2010) Mt. Pelee, Martinique (1902) Mt. Katmai, Alaska (1912) Mt. Kelud, Indonesia (1919) Paricutin, Mexico (1934-1952) ```

Mt. Katmai, Alaska (1912)

During its long eruption, this volcano formed a cinder cone over 1,300 ft tall on what had been a farmer's cornfield. ``` Laki, Iceland (1793) Heimaey, Iceland (1973) Iceland (2010) Mt. Pelee, Martinique (1902) Mt. Katmai, Alaska (1912) Mt. Kelud, Indonesia (1919) Paricutin, Mexico (1934-1952) ```

Paricutin, Mexico (1934-1952)

This notable eruption happened or is happening over a mantle plume. ``` Mt. Saint Helens, USA (1980) Kilauea, Hawaii (1983...) Ruiz, South America (1985) Lake Nyos, Cameroon (1986) Mt. Pinatubo, Philipines (1991) ```

Kilauea, Hawaii (1983...)

In this notable eruption the government actually did a satisfactory job of evacuating the area before the eruption. ``` Mt. Saint Helens, USA (1980) Kilauea, Hawaii (1983...) Ruiz, South America (1985) Lake Nyos, Cameroon (1986) Mt. Pinatubo, Philipines (1991) ```

Mt. Saint Helens, USA (1980)

In this notable eruption (one of the 4 most deadly in the past 500 years) most of the deaths came from a lahar that was predicted, but not acted upon. ``` Mt. Saint Helens, USA (1980) Kilauea, Hawaii (1983...) Ruiz, South America (1985) Lake Nyos, Cameroon (1986) Mt. Pinatubo, Philipines (1991) ```

Ruiz, South America (1985)

This notable eruption, the 2nd largest in the 20th century, cause the permanent closure of a U.S. Air Force Base. ``` Mt. Saint Helens, USA (1980) Kilauea, Hawaii (1983...) Ruiz, South America (1985) Lake Nyos, Cameroon (1986) Mt. Pinatubo, Philipines (1991) ```

Mt. Pinatubo, Philipines (1991)

This is the source of the energy that powers the Earth's weather.

the Sun

This is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere.

Nitrogen

This gas is present in small amounts in the Earth's atmosphere, but its evaporation and condensation transfers heat energy in the climate system. Argon? Carbon Dioxide? Water Vapor?

Water Vapor

This is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is closest to the ground and contains most of the mass of the atmosphere. Also where most weather occurs. Mesosphere? Stratosphere? Thermosphere? Troposphere?

Troposphere

This type of storm can be the largest, and is more likely to occur in Kansas. Mid-latitude cyclone? Tropical cyclone?

Mid-latitude cyclone

Most blizzards and dust storms are caused by _____. Mid-latitude cyclones? Tropical cyclones?

Mid-latitude cyclones

The front where masses of cold air meet, lifting up warm air trapped between them is called a(n) _____. Cold front? Occluded front? Warm front?

Occluded front

A mass or parcel of air that is always colder than the surrounding air, and which will not rise except when lifted by some outside force is called a(n) _____ mass. Stable? Conditionally unstable? Unstable?

Stable

A _____ means that conditions are right for a tornado to form. Tornado watch? Tornado warning? Tornado Hazard?

Tornado watch

A _____ means that a tornado or funnel has been sighted. Tornado watch? Tornado warning? Tornado hazard?

Tornado warning

The last time Topeka, KS and Manhattan, KS were both hit by a tornado in the same day was in _____. 1966? 2008? 2011?

1966

According to the U.S. Weather Bureau, the last time Manhattan, KS was hit by a tornado was in _____. 1966? 2008? 2011?

2008

The costliest tornado on record is the tornado of _____. Topeka, KS (1966) Joplin, MO (2011) Moore, OK (2013)

Joplin, MO (2011)

The English Windstorm of 1703 was caused by a _____. Mid-latitude cyclone? Tropical cyclone?

Mid-latitudae cyclone

Which American war did the hurricanes of October 1780 have an effect on? The American Revolution? The Civil War? WWII?

The American Revolution

The Bermuda hurricane of 1609 inspired a play written by _____. Alison Bechdel? Daniel Defoe? William Shakespeare?

William Shakespeare