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Normal Aging > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Erikson’s theory called and why?

A

Psychosocial theory

Integrates personal, emotional, and social development

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2
Q

Erikson is an ____-analyst. What does this mean?

A

Ego. Relationship between individual and the world or self and the world

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3
Q

What are the five assumptions Erikson’s work is based on?

A
  1. People in general have the same basic needs.
  2. Personal development occurs in response to these needs.
  3. Development proceeds in stages.
  4. Movement through the stages reflects changes in an individuals motivation.
  5. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge that presents opportunities for development.
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4
Q

What does Erikson call it when an individual experiences a psychological challenge?

A

A crisis

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5
Q

What happens if there is a positive resolution to a crisis?

A

A favorable ratio of positive to negative psychosocial traits emerges

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6
Q

What happens if there is a negative resolution to a crisis?

A

Individual sees the world as unpredictable and threatening.

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7
Q

When does Trust vs. Mistrust occur and what happens during it?

A

Infancy- 1.5/2 years
Infant is utterly dependent.
Successfully develop trust –> safe and secure in the world
Inconsistent or emotionally unavailable –>Fear, world is inconsistent and unpredictable

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8
Q

When does autonomy vs. shame and doubt occur and what happens during it?

A

1.5/2-3 years
Children learn to feed and dress themselves and toilet training begins
Key challenges are in exerting independence
Gaining more control over food choices, toys, pets, etc
Successfully complete–>secure and confident
No success—>insecure and doubtful

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9
Q

When does initiative vs. guild occur and what happens during it?

A

3-5 years.
Exploratory and investigative attitude
Preschool children- widening social world, more challenges
Enormous cognitive leaps
Adults give opportunity to explore and experiment–> Develop initiative
Initiative considered a problem by adults–>guilt
Successful–>capable of leading others
Fail–>Guilt, self doubt, lack of initiative

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10
Q

When does industry vs. inferiority occur and what happens during it?

A

6-11
Social interactions–>children develop a sense of pride in accomplishments and abilities
Little/no encouragement–>doubt ability to be successful

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11
Q

When is identity vs. confusion and what happens during it?

A

12-18 years
Adolescents experience major physical, emotional, and intellectual change
New sexual feelings cause frequent confusion
Want to assert their independence yet long for structure and discipline
Proper encouragement and reinforcement–>strong sense of self and feeling of independence and control
Unsure about beliefs–>concerned about themselves and the future

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12
Q

When is intimacy vs. isolation and what happens during it?tion

A

19-40 years
Firm sense of identity–>prepared to give oneself over to another
Early adulthood- task of forming intimate relationships
Poor sense of self–>less committed relationships, might suffer from emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression

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13
Q

When is generatively vs. stagnation and what happens during it?

A

40-65
Build our lives, focusing on career and family
Generative adults–>focus on the betterment of society
Successful–>feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community
Unsuccessful–> feel unproductive and uninvolved with the world. Apathy, pseudo-intimacy, self-absorption

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14
Q

What is generativity

A

Creativity, concern for, and commitment to guiding the next generation

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15
Q

When does identity vs. despair occur and what happens during it?

A

65-death
Old age–>focus on reflecting back on life
Unsuccessful–>feel that life has been wasted and have many regrets
Successful–> Look back with few regrets and a feeling of self satisfaction

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16
Q

What are 4 contributions of Erikson

A
  • Personality develops throughout the lifetime
  • Identity crisis in adolescence
  • Impact of personal, cultural, social, and situational forces in forming human personality across the lifespan
  • Stresses the importance of separation and individuation as an important component of development
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17
Q

What are 5 criticisms of Erikson’s theory

A
  • Ambiguous terms and concepts
  • Model lack scientific rigor
  • Lack of precision
  • May be insensitive regarding gender differences
  • Identity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities
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18
Q

What are 4 different conceptions of age

A
  • Chronological age
  • Biological age
  • Psychological age
  • Social age
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19
Q

What are some trends with European-American culture and aging?

A
  • Aging is generally feared
  • Elderly are not often respected nor revered
  • Nuclear families do not include the elderly
  • Ageism at times is practiced
  • Elderly often seen as sick, senile, useless
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20
Q

Challenge the myth that age brings illness and disability

A
  • Over the past few decades, chronic disease is less common
  • Twin studies show that only 1/3 of elderly’s problems are due to heredity
  • Age brings a greater risk of disease
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21
Q

Challenge the myth that change of habits when one is older results in no physical benefit

A
  • Change in habits adds years
  • Cardiovascular fitness is up 10-30% with aerobics
  • Strength of 80-90 year olds tripled with bodybuilding
  • Exercise cuts death rate 25-50%
  • Osteoporosis decreases with strengthening exercises
22
Q

Challenge the myth that aging reduces mental sharpness

A
  • 20% of the elderly suffer from dementia
  • 50% have cognitive decline
  • Decline often limited to storing new information
  • Performance, recognition, recall shows little decline
  • Overall decline is mild
  • Mental and physical exercise help
23
Q

Challenge the myth that being old equals being sad, lonely, and unproductive

A 
5% of elderly live in institutions
1/3 of seniors are employed
1/3 volunteer regularly
8-15% report loneliness
Isolated elderly have 2-4 times higher death rate
24
Q

What are some facts about depression and suicide in the elderly?

A

Depression is often present in the elderly but goes undiagnosed
Depression is blamed for increased suicide rate in the elderly
White males over 65 are at the greatest risk
Women attempt more suicide, men succeed 3 times more often
Elderly suicide is twice the national average

25
Q

Challenge the myth that the elderly are not interested in sex and could not perform if they were

A

79% of men and 69% of women age 70-90 are sexually active
86% express an interest in sex
2/3 of married respondents say that sexual experiences made life meaningful
72% said 75 year old men and women could be sexy

26
Q

What is an affective symptom of depression?

A

Depressed mood

27
Q

What are vegetative symptoms of depression?

A

Weight loss or gain
Insomnia or hyperinsomnia
Decreased sex drive

28
Q

What are behavioral symptoms if depression?

A

Psychomotor retardation or agitation
Fatigue
Diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

29
Q

What are other problems that depression can be confused with?

A

Chronic painful physical condition
Demoralization
Pseudo dementia
Normal grieving

30
Q

What is demoralization and how is it different from depression

A

Syndrome of feeling defeated by the challenges of life.
Unlike depression, usually responds to common sense interventions that boost spirits and restore confidence and engagement with the world

31
Q

What is pseudo dementia

A

Word used to describe depression in older people that often occurs following major life losses
Symptoms can mimic cognitive impairment

32
Q

Factors that distinguish depression from dementia

A

Depression
Memory problems have a rapid onset
Poor memory for events recent and past
Distressed about memory loss- discuss in detail

33
Q

Factors distinguishing dementia from depression

A

Dementia
Memory loss is progressive- family notice
Better recall of past history than what happened that day
Not aware of memory problems or try to hide it

34
Q

Factors distinguishing normal grief from clinical depression

A 
-responds to support
Often openly angry
Relates depression to loss 
Experiences moments of joy
Transient physical complaints
Expresses guilt over a specific loss
Self esteem suffers temporarily
35
Q

Symptoms distinguishing depression from normal grief

A 
Does not accept support
Irritable- complains but doesn't express anger
Does not relate experiences to a particular life event
Exhibits a pervasive sense of doom
Projects chronic hopelessness
Chronic physical complaints
Generalized guilt
Long duration of loss of self esteem
36
Q

What elderly population have the highest suicide risk?

A

Non married males

37
Q

What three negative emotions have been linked to disease and it’s progression?

A

Hostility, depression, anger

38
Q

Strongest association between personality and health found with…

A

Depression

39
Q

Factors that are protective of health

A
  • enhanced sense of control
  • mindfulness, related to control
  • optimism- better health habits and coping strategies
  • emotional stability
40
Q

What are things SLPs can do to understand the emotional life of the elderly?

A

Be aware of cohort effects- general values the older adult has about mental health or illness
Recognize clients belief system and reaction to illness
Treatment may be viewed as insulting
Compliance may be deceiving-
Lack of questions may not reflect understanding
Self report of health may not be accurate
Illness may be seen as a moral or religious flaw

41
Q

How can we attend to the emotional life of the elderly?

A

Understand patient’s history and reaction to illness, trauma, and crises
Evaluate history for depression, anxiety, alcohol, or drug abuse
Be alert to suicidal ideation- white males complete more suicides than any other age group
Evaluate family resources- sort out preempt is or post morbid issues

42
Q

What are good techniques for interviewing older clients?

A

Speak to the patient, not the caregiver
Speak distinctly and where the person can see your lips
Take your time
Avoid ageist remarks, even if the patient themselves makes them- don’t agree
Older patients tend to be more conservative in dress and expect you to be too

43
Q

Tips for evaluating older patients

A

Speak in front of the patient- not to the side of or behind them- do not shout
Attend to their comfort- any sensory or mobility issues
Realize that they may respond slower- this doesn’t indicate dementia

44
Q

What are factors that increase devastation of a communication disorder in the elderly?

A

May be the first functional limitation after a lifetime of unfettered communication
Shock and despair may be greater than younger counterparts
Communication disorder may be superimposed upon changes in vision, hearing, and memory
Normal changes associated with aging may limit ability to compensate for the disorder
Older adult may need to be socialized to the idea of rehabilitation

45
Q

What are good general techniques to use in treatment

A 
Concrete, specific demonstrations
Non evaluative, relaxed instructions 
Tasks that are linked to autonomy and independence 
Self paced rather than timed tasks 
Support groups
Tasks with clear functional purposes
Tasks linked if measurable goals

Visual displays of progress

46
Q

Greatest risk factor for depression in the elderly is…

A

history of previous depression

47
Q

3 reasons depression increases in the elderly

A
  • Multiple losses
  • Medical illness
  • Cognitive disfunction
48
Q

What are some risk factors for depression in older adults?

A
  • Female, unmarried or widowed
  • Experiencing stressful life events
  • Lacking social support
  • Living in a context of loss (like nursing home)
  • Having a chronic illness
  • Living in a nursing home
  • Being a caregiver
  • Being an ethnic minority
49
Q

What are some reasons the elderly population is underserved as far as mental health treatment?

A
  • Elderly adults tend to not seek mental health services as they tend to utilize their primary care physician for most health-related care
  • They may lack a vocabulary for emotional issues having valued their independence and prided themselves in resolving personal problems
  • May carry a negative stigma for older adults because it is viewed as something needed for a severe mental problem
  • Some mental health professionals demonstrate bias against working with the elderly community
50
Q

What distinguishes clinical depression from a depressed mood

A

Intensity and pervasiveness of symptoms

Depressed people are usually not able to relate to others and may be able to express only a limited range of emotions

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