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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What phase of mitosis does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform?

A

Telophase

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2
Q

What phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids pull to opposite ends?

A

Anaphase

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3
Q

What phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense

A

Prophase

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4
Q

In which mitosis phase are chromosomes not composed of sister chromatids?

A

Telophase

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5
Q

In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers start to form?

A

metaphase

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6
Q

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes reach poles?

A

Telophase

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7
Q

In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers shorten?

A

Anaphase

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8
Q

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at cell’s center?

A

Metaphase

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9
Q

In which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis usually begin?

A

Telophase

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10
Q

In which phase of mitosis does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear?

A

Prophase

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11
Q

In which phase of mitosis do centrioles arrive at the cell poles?

A

Metaphase

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12
Q

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes de-condense

A

Telophase

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13
Q

Name the four possible periods of interphase

A

G1, S, G2, G0

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14
Q

Name the process in which cell cytoplasm develops a cleavage furrow

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Name the point where homologous chromosomes overlap, fusion of gene exchange occurs

A

Chiasmata

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16
Q

When homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis, they can be called

A

bivalents or tetrads in zygotene phase

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17
Q

Does DNA replicate between Telophase 1 and Prophase 2 in meiosis?

A

No

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18
Q

Name the phase between Telophase 1 and Prophase 2

A

interkinesis

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19
Q

When are polar bodies produced in female?

A

After telophase 1 & 2

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20
Q

Action that creates 2 cells

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Action that creates 4 cells

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

Action that creates genetic diversity

A

Meiosis

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23
Q

Action that lacks synapsis

A

Mitosis

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24
Q

Action where daughter cells are N

A

Meiosis

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25
Action where daughter cells are 2N
Mitosis
26
Action that occurs in somatic cells
Mitosis
27
Action that has more phases
Meiosis
28
Action that produces gametes
Meiosis
29
During which meiotic phase will sister chromatids face opposite poles
Metaphase 2
30
During which meiotic phase will cytokinesis create 2 daughter cells
Telophase 1
31
During which meiotic phase will bivalents align at equator
Metaphase 1
32
During which meiotic phase will sister chromosomes be pulled apart
Anaphase 2
33
During which meiotic phase will homologous chromosomes separate
Anaphase 1
34
In general, what is being checked for during the G1 and G2 checkpoints
Looking for DNA damage
35
When does the spindle assembly checkpoint take place?
Metaphase
36
How many check points are there in spindle assembly
3
37
During replication, DNA is copied in what direction?
3 prime to 5 prime
38
During replication, DNA is added in what direction?
5 prime to 3 prime
39
What in general is happening during G1
Initial growth
40
What in general is happening during S
DNA replication
41
What in general is happening during G2
Growth
42
Which cells enter G0 after mitosis
Cells destined to never divide again (Example: nerve cells)
43
What are regions of DNA called that develop from a single origin?
Replicon
44
What enzyme produces the leading strand in eukaryotes
Polymerase Delta
45
What enzymes fix mistakes in base pairing
DNA polymerase 1
46
What enzyme produces RNA primer
RNA primase
47
What enzyme removes RNA primer
DNA polymerase 1
48
What enzyme joins okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
49
What enzyme preps parent strand to be opened?
DNA Gyrase
50
What enzyme produces lagging strand in eukaryotes
DNA Polymerase Alpha
51
What enzyme checks new DNA for mistakes
DNA polymerase 1
52
What enzyme creates replication fork
DNA helicase
53
What enzyme breaks the DNA helix
DNA helicase
54
During DNA replication, which strand is created continuously
leading strand
55
During DNA replication, which strand is created discontinuously
lagging strand
56
What will allow the attachment of DNA nucleotides during the creation of the daughter strands
RNA primers
57
What molecules will initially stabilize the free nucleotides of the opened DNA parent strand during replication
Single stranded binding proteins (SSBP)
58
New DNA can only be created in what direction?
antiparallel
59
The long repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes are called:
Telomeres
60
Which type of chromatin is more loosely packed?
Euchromatin
61
Which type of chromatin is more tightly packed?
Heterochromatin
62
Which type of chromatin is more peripheral in the nucleus
Heterochromatin
63
Which type of chromatin is under constant transcription
Euchromatin
64
Name 3 cell types with highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Fibroblasts Pancreatic cells Plasma cells
65
The smooth ER (SER) will generally function in production of what?
Lipids
66
The RER will generally function in production of what?
protein
67
Which ER will directly connect to the nuclear envelope?
RER
68
Which ribosomal subunit attaches to the ER membrane?
Large subunit
69
What category of molecules is found within the ER?
enzymes
70
Which type of ER has ribosomes attached?
RER
71
Which type of ER makes steroid hormones and cholesterol?
SER
72
Which type of ER makes digestive enzymes and antibodies
RER
73
Which type of ER detoxifies harmful molecules in the liver?
SER
74
Which type of ER can store Ca ions in muscle and is known as sarcoplasmic reticulum
SER
75
Which type of ER produces insulin and glucagon
RER
76
Which type of ER participates in the usage of protein targeting using SRP's?
RER
77
The 'receiving' region of the Golgi complex is called the what face?
CIS
78
The 'shipping' region of the Golgi complex is called the what face?
Trans
79
Name 3 general functions of the Golgi complex?
Molecular movement within cell, sort products, cell secretion
80
Which molecules will directly aid in the movement and fusion of Golgi vesicles?
Golgi coat proteins
81
Secretory granules originate as what kind of vesicles?
Condensing
82
Where are condensing vesicles located?
Golgi complex
83
Primary lysosomes develop from which organelle?
Golgi complex
84
Lysosomal break down of nonfunctioning organelles is called what?
Autophagy
85
Indigestible wastes created by lysosomes are called what?
residual body
86
Are wastes produced by celled surrounded by a membrane when they are held in the cell?
Yes
87
Groupings of this accumulated waste in long-lived cells is called?
lipofusion
88
Lysosomal digestion of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis is called what?
Heterophagy
89
True or False: Normal lysosomes would digest the cell if they were to accidentally rupture
False
90
Which type of lysosome is created after a phagosome fuses with a new lysosome?
Secondary lysosome
91
A pinocytotic vacuole contains what?
Fluid
92
Autophagy is the process of digesting what?
Material from inside the cell
93
Heterophagy is the process of digesting what?
Material from outside the cell

Cell Physiology (2 decks)

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