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Cell Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What phase of mitosis does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform?

A

Telophase

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2
Q

What phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids pull to opposite ends?

A

Anaphase

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3
Q

What phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense

A

Prophase

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4
Q

In which mitosis phase are chromosomes not composed of sister chromatids?

A

Telophase

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5
Q

In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers start to form?

A

metaphase

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6
Q

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes reach poles?

A

Telophase

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7
Q

In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers shorten?

A

Anaphase

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8
Q

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at cell’s center?

A

Metaphase

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9
Q

In which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis usually begin?

A

Telophase

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10
Q

In which phase of mitosis does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear?

A

Prophase

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11
Q

In which phase of mitosis do centrioles arrive at the cell poles?

A

Metaphase

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12
Q

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes de-condense

A

Telophase

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13
Q

Name the four possible periods of interphase

A

G1, S, G2, G0

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14
Q

Name the process in which cell cytoplasm develops a cleavage furrow

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Name the point where homologous chromosomes overlap, fusion of gene exchange occurs

A

Chiasmata

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16
Q

When homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis, they can be called

A

bivalents or tetrads in zygotene phase

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17
Q

Does DNA replicate between Telophase 1 and Prophase 2 in meiosis?

A

No

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18
Q

Name the phase between Telophase 1 and Prophase 2

A

interkinesis

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19
Q

When are polar bodies produced in female?

A

After telophase 1 & 2

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20
Q

Action that creates 2 cells

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Action that creates 4 cells

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

Action that creates genetic diversity

A

Meiosis

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23
Q

Action that lacks synapsis

A

Mitosis

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24
Q

Action where daughter cells are N

A

Meiosis

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25
Q

Action where daughter cells are 2N

A

Mitosis

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26
Q

Action that occurs in somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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27
Q

Action that has more phases

A

Meiosis

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28
Q

Action that produces gametes

A

Meiosis

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29
Q

During which meiotic phase will sister chromatids face opposite poles

A

Metaphase 2

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30
Q

During which meiotic phase will cytokinesis create 2 daughter cells

A

Telophase 1

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31
Q

During which meiotic phase will bivalents align at equator

A

Metaphase 1

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32
Q

During which meiotic phase will sister chromosomes be pulled apart

A

Anaphase 2

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33
Q

During which meiotic phase will homologous chromosomes separate

A

Anaphase 1

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34
Q

In general, what is being checked for during the G1 and G2 checkpoints

A

Looking for DNA damage

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35
Q

When does the spindle assembly checkpoint take place?

A

Metaphase

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36
Q

How many check points are there in spindle assembly

A

3

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37
Q

During replication, DNA is copied in what direction?

A

3 prime to 5 prime

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38
Q

During replication, DNA is added in what direction?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

39
Q

What in general is happening during G1

A

Initial growth

40
Q

What in general is happening during S

A

DNA replication

41
Q

What in general is happening during G2

A

Growth

42
Q

Which cells enter G0 after mitosis

A

Cells destined to never divide again (Example: nerve cells)

43
Q

What are regions of DNA called that develop from a single origin?

A

Replicon

44
Q

What enzyme produces the leading strand in eukaryotes

A

Polymerase Delta

45
Q

What enzymes fix mistakes in base pairing

A

DNA polymerase 1

46
Q

What enzyme produces RNA primer

A

RNA primase

47
Q

What enzyme removes RNA primer

A

DNA polymerase 1

48
Q

What enzyme joins okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

49
Q

What enzyme preps parent strand to be opened?

A

DNA Gyrase

50
Q

What enzyme produces lagging strand in eukaryotes

A

DNA Polymerase Alpha

51
Q

What enzyme checks new DNA for mistakes

A

DNA polymerase 1

52
Q

What enzyme creates replication fork

A

DNA helicase

53
Q

What enzyme breaks the DNA helix

A

DNA helicase

54
Q

During DNA replication, which strand is created continuously

A

leading strand

55
Q

During DNA replication, which strand is created discontinuously

A

lagging strand

56
Q

What will allow the attachment of DNA nucleotides during the creation of the daughter strands

A

RNA primers

57
Q

What molecules will initially stabilize the free nucleotides of the opened DNA parent strand during replication

A

Single stranded binding proteins (SSBP)

58
Q

New DNA can only be created in what direction?

A

antiparallel

59
Q

The long repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes are called:

A

Telomeres

60
Q

Which type of chromatin is more loosely packed?

A

Euchromatin

61
Q

Which type of chromatin is more tightly packed?

A

Heterochromatin

62
Q

Which type of chromatin is more peripheral in the nucleus

A

Heterochromatin

63
Q

Which type of chromatin is under constant transcription

A

Euchromatin

64
Q

Name 3 cell types with highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Fibroblasts
Pancreatic cells
Plasma cells

65
Q

The smooth ER (SER) will generally function in production of what?

A

Lipids

66
Q

The RER will generally function in production of what?

A

protein

67
Q

Which ER will directly connect to the nuclear envelope?

A

RER

68
Q

Which ribosomal subunit attaches to the ER membrane?

A

Large subunit

69
Q

What category of molecules is found within the ER?

A

enzymes

70
Q

Which type of ER has ribosomes attached?

A

RER

71
Q

Which type of ER makes steroid hormones and cholesterol?

A

SER

72
Q

Which type of ER makes digestive enzymes and antibodies

A

RER

73
Q

Which type of ER detoxifies harmful molecules in the liver?

A

SER

74
Q

Which type of ER can store Ca ions in muscle and is known as sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SER

75
Q

Which type of ER produces insulin and glucagon

A

RER

76
Q

Which type of ER participates in the usage of protein targeting using SRP’s?

A

RER

77
Q

The ‘receiving’ region of the Golgi complex is called the what face?

A

CIS

78
Q

The ‘shipping’ region of the Golgi complex is called the what face?

A

Trans

79
Q

Name 3 general functions of the Golgi complex?

A

Molecular movement within cell, sort products, cell secretion

80
Q

Which molecules will directly aid in the movement and fusion of Golgi vesicles?

A

Golgi coat proteins

81
Q

Secretory granules originate as what kind of vesicles?

A

Condensing

82
Q

Where are condensing vesicles located?

A

Golgi complex

83
Q

Primary lysosomes develop from which organelle?

A

Golgi complex

84
Q

Lysosomal break down of nonfunctioning organelles is called what?

A

Autophagy

85
Q

Indigestible wastes created by lysosomes are called what?

A

residual body

86
Q

Are wastes produced by celled surrounded by a membrane when they are held in the cell?

A

Yes

87
Q

Groupings of this accumulated waste in long-lived cells is called?

A

lipofusion

88
Q

Lysosomal digestion of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis is called what?

A

Heterophagy

89
Q

True or False: Normal lysosomes would digest the cell if they were to accidentally rupture

A

False

90
Q

Which type of lysosome is created after a phagosome fuses with a new lysosome?

A

Secondary lysosome

91
Q

A pinocytotic vacuole contains what?

A

Fluid

92
Q

Autophagy is the process of digesting what?

A

Material from inside the cell

93
Q

Heterophagy is the process of digesting what?

A

Material from outside the cell

Cell Physiology (2 decks)

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