Final Exam Flashcards
Which grandparent would be expected to invest most in his or her grandchild?
The MoMo - Mother of the Mother
Which pair of groups are most likely to commit infanticide?
Younger mothers and unwed mothers
When the mother’s family states that a child looks like a parent, who are they more likely to say the child looks like?
The father
In Hamilton’s rule, “r” refers to..
Genetic relatedness
In a study by Platek et al. the researchers “morphed” faces of adult males and females with those of young children. When these men and women were subsequently asked questions to measure their willingness to invest in the children they found that..
Men showed greater willingness than women to invest in those children that looked most like them.
The social brain hypothesis suggests that…
Social demands lie at the foundation of much of primate brain development and other skills.
Which of the following types of relationships in Fiske’s typology was argues by him to specific to humans?
Market Pricing
A term used for the willingness to incur a cost in order to punish other is..
Altruistic punishment
In Cosmides and Tooby’s research using the Wason Selection Task to study social exchange, they showed that people
Perform better when the task is framed in terms of social exchange/contracts than in other contexts
What is true concerning low and high conflict conditions in the trolley problem?
People find it easier to decide to save 5 people rather than 1 person in the low conflict condition than in the high conflict condition
People with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex show little difference in their decisions between the low and high conflict situations
When is altruism more likely to occur?
When
- Costs are low
- Benefits to recipients are high
- Relatedness to the recipient is high (.5 as opposed to .25)
Inclusive fitness
Personal reproductive success plus the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives
Ambadi example
People trust people who look like them
Grandchildren feel the closest to
Maternal grandmother and least close to paternal grandfather
-Also report receiving most resources
Sex Differences in Paternal Investment
- Paternity uncertainty
- Mating opportunity cost
Reproductive success
Sons and daughters have equal reproductive success
- Trivers-Willard Hypothesis: Investing heavily in males can lead to a greater payoff - More investment in girls among less affluent families and more investment in boys in more affluent families
Investment in Children
Women’s age: Older women should invest more
Marital status
Humphrey’s social function
Higher intellectual faculties of primates have evolved as an adaptation to complexities of social living.
Social Identity Theory
When we belong to a group, we are likely to derive our sense of identity, at least in part, from that group. We also enhance the sense of identity by making comparisons with out-groups.
Minimal Group Paradigm
Participants rewarded those in their ingroup more
Penalized those in the out group more than the ingroup
Stereotype
A cognitive schema or a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to selectively seek out information that affirms (rather than falsifies) an already-held hypothesis
Subtyping
Process whereby a subordinate category is created, which serves to maintain an existing stereotype of the larger group
Patriarchy v Arbitrary Set
Patriarchy is intersexual while arbitrary set discrimination is intrasexual
Alan Fiske’s Typology of Social Life
Everyday life can be seen as involving four different types of relationships with different basic processes underlying them
Communal sharing
Material objects belong to all within an in-group.
-Requires identification of ingroup members
- Could be genetic basis or a proxy (people who look like us)
Requires us and them
People are classified on nominal scales as top group membership.
Authority ranking
Relationships are based on hierarchical analysis.
-Those higher are given more privileges — Decide for lower downs,but often charged with their care
Ordinal scales
Equality matching
“Tit for tat”
- Occurs in instances of reciprocal altruism (friendship)
Interval scales used (relationship between values)
Market pricing
How processes are set in a market.
-People act based on what they can afford, and prices are set based on a cost benefit
*Market price and equality matching only seen in humans
Indirect Reciprocity
Advancing reputation. Even though a person will never see the person they are helping again by helping it can boost his reputation.
(I help people in the hopes someone will help me)
Altruistic punishment
People will fight others to punish them in benefit of their group
More likely to punish more severely members of an out group
Wason Selection Task
Studies deductive reasoning in humans.
People do better in the context of a social exchange
Human Bias toward fairness
We not only seek to detect cheaters but we seek fairness even if demanding it leaves us with no gain at all.
- Fueled by emotions
Heuristic
Set of rules that help us to understand how people make decisions.
