Final Exam

Question 1

Which grandparent would be expected to invest most in his or her grandchild?

Answer 1

The MoMo - Mother of the Mother

Question 2

Which pair of groups are most likely to commit infanticide?

Answer 2

Younger mothers and unwed mothers

Question 3

When the mother’s family states that a child looks like a parent, who are they more likely to say the child looks like?

Answer 3

The father

Question 4

In Hamilton’s rule, “r” refers to..

Answer 4

Genetic relatedness

Question 5

In a study by Platek et al. the researchers “morphed” faces of adult males and females with those of young children. When these men and women were subsequently asked questions to measure their willingness to invest in the children they found that..

Answer 5

Men showed greater willingness than women to invest in those children that looked most like them.

Question 6

The social brain hypothesis suggests that…

Answer 6

Social demands lie at the foundation of much of primate brain development and other skills.

Question 7

Which of the following types of relationships in Fiske’s typology was argues by him to specific to humans?

Answer 7

Market Pricing

Question 8

A term used for the willingness to incur a cost in order to punish other is..

Answer 8

Altruistic punishment

Question 9

In Cosmides and Tooby’s research using the Wason Selection Task to study social exchange, they showed that people

Answer 9

Perform better when the task is framed in terms of social exchange/contracts than in other contexts

Question 10

What is true concerning low and high conflict conditions in the trolley problem?

Answer 10

People find it easier to decide to save 5 people rather than 1 person in the low conflict condition than in the high conflict condition

People with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex show little difference in their decisions between the low and high conflict situations

Question 11

When is altruism more likely to occur?

Answer 11

When

1. Costs are low
2. Benefits to recipients are high
3. Relatedness to the recipient is high (.5 as opposed to .25)

Question 12

Inclusive fitness

Answer 12

Personal reproductive success plus the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives

Question 13

Ambadi example

Answer 13

People trust people who look like them

Question 14

Grandchildren feel the closest to

Answer 14

Maternal grandmother and least close to paternal grandfather

-Also report receiving most resources

Question 15

Sex Differences in Paternal Investment

Answer 15

• Paternity uncertainty

- Mating opportunity cost

Question 16

Reproductive success

Answer 16

Sons and daughters have equal reproductive success

   - Trivers-Willard Hypothesis: Investing heavily in males can lead to a greater payoff
- More investment in girls among less affluent families and more investment in boys in more affluent families

Question 17

Investment in Children

Answer 17

Women’s age: Older women should invest more

Marital status

Question 18

Humphrey’s social function

Answer 18

Higher intellectual faculties of primates have evolved as an adaptation to complexities of social living.

Question 19

Social Identity Theory

Answer 19

When we belong to a group, we are likely to derive our sense of identity, at least in part, from that group. We also enhance the sense of identity by making comparisons with out-groups.

Question 20

Minimal Group Paradigm

Answer 20

Participants rewarded those in their ingroup more

Penalized those in the out group more than the ingroup

Question 21

Stereotype

Answer 21

A cognitive schema or a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits.

Question 22

Confirmation bias

Answer 22

The tendency to selectively seek out information that affirms (rather than falsifies) an already-held hypothesis

Question 23

Subtyping

Answer 23

Process whereby a subordinate category is created, which serves to maintain an existing stereotype of the larger group

Question 24

Patriarchy v Arbitrary Set

Answer 24

Patriarchy is intersexual while arbitrary set discrimination is intrasexual

Question 25

Alan Fiske’s Typology of Social Life

Answer 25

Everyday life can be seen as involving four different types of relationships with different basic processes underlying them

Question 26

Communal sharing

Answer 26

Material objects belong to all within an in-group.
-Requires identification of ingroup members
- Could be genetic basis or a proxy (people who look like us)
Requires us and them

People are classified on nominal scales as top group membership.

Question 27

Authority ranking

Answer 27

Relationships are based on hierarchical analysis.
-Those higher are given more privileges — Decide for lower downs,but often charged with their care

Ordinal scales

Question 28

Equality matching

Answer 28

“Tit for tat”
- Occurs in instances of reciprocal altruism (friendship)

Interval scales used (relationship between values)

Question 29

Market pricing

Answer 29

How processes are set in a market.
-People act based on what they can afford, and prices are set based on a cost benefit

*Market price and equality matching only seen in humans

Question 30

Indirect Reciprocity

Answer 30

Advancing reputation. Even though a person will never see the person they are helping again by helping it can boost his reputation.
(I help people in the hopes someone will help me)

Question 31

Altruistic punishment

Answer 31

People will fight others to punish them in benefit of their group

More likely to punish more severely members of an out group

Question 32

Wason Selection Task

Answer 32

Studies deductive reasoning in humans.

People do better in the context of a social exchange

Question 33

Human Bias toward fairness

Answer 33

We not only seek to detect cheaters but we seek fairness even if demanding it leaves us with no gain at all.

• Fueled by emotions

Question 34

Heuristic

Answer 34

Set of rules that help us to understand how people make decisions.