Final Exam

Question 1

Thomas Aquinas’ conviction of the divine sanction of the papacy led him to insist what?

Answer 1

Submission to the pope was necessary for salvation.

Question 2

What did Aquinas teach to support the practice of indulgences that had gained prominence during the crusades? (I.e. how did he logically justify indulgences?)

Answer 2

The church has access to a “treasury of merit” thanks to the work of Christ and the meritorious deeds of the saints.

Question 3

What did the Waldenses have in common with other reformation movements? What made the Waldenses different from other reformation movements?

Answer 3

1. Both were evangelical “back-to-the-Bible” movements
2. Waldenses emphasized the ascetic life as a means of salvation; Reformers emphasized the grace of God as a means of salvation.

Question 4

What three weapons did the Catholic Church have at its disposal against “heretics”?

Answer 4

1. Preaching to return them to the truth
2. A crusade to crush all hardened resistance
3. The inquisition to uproot heresy completely

Question 5

What was Dominic’s strategy for reaching the Albigenses?

Answer 5

To win the heretics, Dominic went forth among them as a poor man, barefoot and begging.

Question 6

The Inquisitors were subject to no law, only _______. In 1252 they were even given the right to _______ as a means of getting information and confessions from accused heretics.

Answer 6

The pope.

Torture.

Question 7

What was the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy?

Answer 7

This is the removal of the papacy to Avignon.

Question 8

What is the Great Papal Schism and what led up to it?

Answer 8

1. Two popes. Urban in Rome and Clement in Avignon.

2. The Babylonian Captivity.

Question 9

When and how did the Great Papal Schism come to an end?

Answer 9

1417, the council of Constance chose a new pope, Martin V.

Question 10

By what standard did Wyclif judge the Roman Church?

Answer 10

Scripture.

Question 11

What traditional doctrine did Wyclif attack that resulted in him losing much support?

Answer 11

Transubstantiation.

Question 12

What did John Hus believe the council of Constance would be? What did it actually turn out to be?

Answer 12

Hus thought he was going to present his views to the council, but instead it was an inquisition that determined his fate.

Question 13

What verse led to Martin Luther’s “revelation”?

Answer 13

Romans 1:17

Question 14

What was Luther’s opinion on indulgences?

Answer 14

He argued that indulgences:

1. Cannot remove guilt
2. Do not apply to purgatory and
3. Are harmful because they induce a false sense of security in the donor.

Question 15

How did Luther answer the four basic Catholic concerns?

Answer 15

a. Salvation → Not by works but by faith alone
b. Religious authority → Not in the institution of the Roman church but in the Word of God (Scripture)
c. Church → The whole community of Christian believers (since all are priests before God)
d. Christian living → Serving God in any useful calling, whether ordained or lay

Question 16

Anabaptists preferred “Baptists” as a designation. But to most, baptism wasn’t the most fundamental issue. What was?

Answer 16

The nature of the church and its relations to civil governments.

Question 17

What was the decision of the Zurich council on March 7, 1526?

Answer 17

Anyone found rebaptizing would be put to death by drowning.

Question 18

What was the Munster rebellion and how did it affect Europeans’ view of Anabaptists?

Answer 18

a. The Munster rebellion was an uncharacteristic attempt by the Anabaptists to defend themselves against the Bishop of the region who tried to besiege the city. Jan of Leiden, an extreme leader, took charge, claiming new revelations from God. He practiced polygamy, took the title “King David”, lived luxuriously, and yet maintained moral in spite of widespread hunger. On 24 June 1535 the bishops army broke in and the city fell.
b. For centuries thereafter Europeans associated the term “Anabaptist” with the Muster rebellion. It stood for wild-eyed, religious fanaticism.

Question 19

When the Anabaptist movement was finally able to unite and decide on its beliefs, what were the four major beliefs it adhered to?

Answer 19

a. The walk with God is characterized by discipleship and personal experience.
b. There was a strong love ethic toward God and neighbor.
c. They had a congregational view of church authority.
d. They insisted on complete separation of church and state.

Question 20

What was Calvin’s central doctrine?

Answer 20

The sovereignty of God’s will

Question 21

How did the Act of Supremacy affect the relationship between Henry VIII and the pope? How did Henry’s doctrine change?

Answer 21

a. This document called for a breach with Rome, establishing the Church of England with the King as its head.
b. The doctrine of the Catholic Church was modified, but it was not altered radically.

Question 22

What theological shift occurred when Henry’s only son, Edward, became king? Why?

Answer 22

a. The official English policy to shift in a Protestant direction.
b. Edward was only 10, so a group of advisors who were partial to the Protestant movement held royal power.

Question 23

Why did the swing to Protestantism come to a sudden halt in England after King Edward?

Answer 23

Because Mary, the next monarch, was devoutly Catholic and tried to lead England back to the ways of Rome. She is known by the name “Bloody Mary” because she sent nearly 300 Protestants, including Archbishop Cranmer, to the burning stake.

Question 24

What was Queen Elizabeth’s successful strategy for achieving religious peace?

Answer 24

Elizabeth wrote Thirty-Nine Articles that were essentially Protestant (ex. Bible = final authority; only two sacraments), but many were worded in a way that would satisfy both Catholics and Protestants. Many Catholic elements to worship were kept. It was seen as the best of both worlds.

Question 25

What is the marked difference between the 16th century and the 17th century?

Answer 25

The acceptance of religious differences.

Question 26

What war is considered the transition from the “Age of Reformation” to the “Age of Reason”?

Answer 26

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

Question 27

What was the outcome of the Thirty Years War?

Answer 27

Neither the Catholics nor the Protestants could win and men began to question the territorial idea. Denominationalism was an alternative.

Question 28

What are the four fundamental truths articulated by the Dissenting Brethren of Westminster for the denominational theory?

Answer 28

a. Considering man’s inability to always see the truth clearly, differences of opinion about the outward form of the church are inevitable
b. Even though these differences do not involve fundamentals of the faith, they are not a matter of indifference. Every Christian is obligated to practice what he believes the Bible teaches.
c. Since no church has a final and full grasp of divine truth, the true Church of Christ can never be fully represented by any single ecclesiastical structure.
d. The mere fact of separation does not of itself constitute schism. It is possible to be divided at many points and still be united in Christ.

Question 29

How did the view of man in the Reformation differ from the view of man in the Age of Reason?

Answer 29

The Reformation saw man as fallen from grace and fully helpless without God’s grace. The Age of Reason had a confidence in man and a positive estimation of man’s potential.

Question 30

In the first part of the eighteenth century, instead of trying to harmonize nature and Scripture they did what? And what did they believe about the Bible?

Answer 30

a) They simply set aside revelation.
b) The parts that contradict reason – the myths, miracles, and priestly mumbo jumbo – are simply untrue (and the parts that agree with reason are unnecessary).

Question 31

What did the deists believe about God?

Answer 31

They believed in a “supreme being” that does not interfere with the great cosmic machine.

Question 32

What led to the collapse of deism?

Answer 32

Its own weakness: It was based on a false optimism.

Question 33

What are the two aims of Pietists?

Answer 33

a) The importance of personal faith.
b) Wanted to shift the center of the Christian life from the state churches to intimate fellowship of those who had a living faith in God.

Question 34

Who became the first large-scale Protestant missionary force in history?

Answer 34

The Moravians

Question 35

What are some of the contributions Pietism made to Christianity worldwide?

Answer 35

(at least 2)

a) They shifted emphasis from avid controversy to the care of souls
b) It made preaching and pastoral visitation central concerns of the Protestant ministry
c) It enriched Christian music enormously
d) It underscored the importance of a spiritual laity for a revived church

Question 36

What was Pietism’s dominant theme?

Answer 36

Regeneration

Question 37

What three regions were significantly changed by the Evangelical Awakening and how was each impacted?

Answer 37

a) Germany → Pietism
b) British Isles → Methodists
c) American colonies → the Great Awakening.

Question 38

What was the purpose of John Wesley’s “Holy Clubs”, and what did they do?

Answer 38

a) The Holy Clubs sought to make their lives conform to the lives of the early church fathers.
b) They met for self-examination and helped the poor and sick.

Question 39

Whose beliefs did Wesley carry from the Awakening [sic. Reformation] into his own time and what was this belief?

Answer 39

a) Arminius

b) Arminianism: God wished all men, not just the elect, to be saved.

Question 40

What were the societies which rose up in response to Wesley’s preaching called?

Answer 40

Methodists

Question 41

What was Wesley’s impact beyond the Methodist Church?

Answer 41

a) It renewed the religious life of England and her colonies.
b) It elevated the life of the poor.
c) It stimulated missions overseas and the social concerns of evangelicals in the nineteenth and twentieth century’s.

Question 42

What is one reason that later Americans came to hate the Puritans?

Answer 42

They attempted to legislate morality. (Americans valued personal freedoms above character in society).

Question 43

What does it mean that “The Great Awakening knew both the frown and smile of God”?

Answer 43

It restored both the tears of repentance to colonial Christianity and the joy of salvation.

Question 44

Give the name and brief description of Jonathan Edward’s most famous sermon?

Answer 44

a) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.
b) He described God holding men over the flames in the way that one held a loathsome spider over a candle. He speculated on how it would feel to have the searing agony of a burn drawn out through eternity. He told listeners that the ground beneath their feet was a rotten flooring over a blazing pit, ready to give way in seconds.

Question 45

What makes the year 1870 significant?

Answer 45

a) The end of the earthly rule of the pope.

b) The declaration of papal infallibility

Question 46

What does ex cathedra mean and what major question does it raise?

Answer 46

a) The expression means “from the chair.” i.e. the official teaching role within the Church.
b) Can the pope alone, without council, decide and proclaim dogma?

Question 47

What are the reasons that Carey gained the title “Father of Modern Missions”?

Answer 47

(at least 3)

a) He introduced Christians to missions on a grander scale.
b) He thought in terms of the evangelization of whole countries, and of what happens when whole populations become Christian
c) He held that the foreign missionary can never make more than a small contribution to the accomplishment of the work that has to be done, and therefore that development of the local ministry is the first and greatest of all missionary considerations.
d) Above all, he saw that Christianity must be firmly rooted in the culture and traditions of the land in which it is planted.

Question 48

What were the general characteristics of the western inhabitants reached by the Second Great Awakening?

Answer 48

Rugged, wild, and boisterous.

Question 49

List the criticisms against the revival put forth by the Lutherans, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics and Episcopalians.

Answer 49

a) Many Lutherans and Presbyterians felt that they slighted sound doctrine.
b) Roman Catholics and Episcopalians considered them emotional eruptions, not true worship.

Question 50

What was the third and most direct assault on Christianity?

Answer 50

Higher criticism (of the Bible)

Question 51

What shift did Puritanism make in the assurance of salvation?

Answer 51

It went from a sacramental base of assurance to an experiential base of assurance.

Question 52

How did the Moravians find their sense of assurance of salvation?

Answer 52

They meditated on the wounds of Christ.

Question 53

What was Wesley’s belief about entire sanctification?

important

Answer 53

He believed that sanctification is a process that occurred over the life of a Christian by the grace of God, but perfection is attainable. A Christian could be filled with God’s love and therefore be perfect. They may still sin but they will not willfully sin against God. This all overflows from the love of God.

Question 54

How did Wesley’s ideas about sanctification pave the way for Pentecostalism and the doctrine on the Baptism of the Holy Spirit?
(important)

Answer 54

A man named John Fletcher relabeled Wesley’s idea about a second work of grace (sanctification) as “the baptism of the Holy Spirit” and emphasized the power of God in the experience more than the holiness of God. He dreamed of a day when God would restore the Church to the spiritual glory seen at Pentecost.

Question 55

What three views of the Holiness Experience emerge?

Answer 55

1. The Wesleyan-Palmer View - second blessing for holiness
2. The Keswick View - second blessing is a baptism of the Spirit for works of service
3. The Third Blessing View - combination of the first two

Question 56

How did the Pentecostal Movement start?

Answer 56

First there was a “Pentecosalization” of the Holiness Movement that began with the Second Great Awakening. Then Charles Fox Parham, a methodist pastor, started The Apostolic Faith and spread the teaching of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit with evidence of tongues, which a man named William Seymour picked up spread around the world with Azusa Street.

Question 57

What are the distinguishing beliefs of the Latter Rain movement?

Answer 57

1. The Laying on of Hands
2. Manifestations of the Spirit
3. Prophecy (corporate and personal)
4. Five-fold Ministry
5. Davidic Worship
6. Local Church Autonomy
7. Restoration of the Church

Question 58

Who was Dennis Bennett?

Answer 58

An Episcopalian priest who led the Charismatic Movement that revitalized Pentecostalism and opened the door for charismatic activity in the old mainline denominations.