Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Comes
A
- Diocletian commanded (as comes) the cavalry arm of the Imperial bodyguard under Carus
- Also court officials used by Diocletian
- Under the tetrarchy and new revisions—was in charge of stationary troops, which depended on provincial governors for supplies
2
Q
Edict on Prices
A
- Issued by Diocletian
- Edict on maximum prices to curb rampant inflation.
- Price-freezing doesn’t work. Forces some goods off the market altogether.
- Also unenforcable.
- Bad coinage leads to a preference for taxation in kind.
- Nov/Dec. 301 AD
- Longest surviving piece of legislation from the period of Tetrarchy
- Largely ineffective and merchants either stopped producing goods, sold their goods illegally, or used barter.
3
Q
Praeses
A
- Another office that took root under Diocletian’s reform in the 290’s
- Part of the new system of governing lands set up under the Tetrarchy
- The praeses were subordinate to the Vicarius
- Literally translates to “Custodians”
- These were governors of the provinces (under the Vicarius)
- Responsible for administering justice and collecting taxes in their province
4
Q
Vicarius
A
- Another office that took root under Diocletian’s reform in the 290’s
- Part of the new system of governing lands set up under the Tetrarchy
- When Diocletian set up the 12 diocese these helped administer them
- This was a deputy who ruled a diocese
- Essentially deputy to the praetorian prefect
5
Q
The Tetrarchy
A
- Was a form of government in which power was divided among 4 indivduals
- Originated with Diocletian in 293—marked the end of the Third Century Crisis
- Consisted of 2 Augusti and 2 Caesars (lower ranking)
- Need for more oversight leads to the Tetrarchy in 293.
- 4 co-rulers established, all from Illyricum (Under Diocletian).
- Loyalty cemented through marriage, and personal loyalty to Diocletian.
- The 2 junior colleagues, or “Caesars” married the daughters of the 2 senior “Augusti”
- Maximanius is the other Augustus (West)
- Galerius (East) and Constantius (West) are the 2 Caesars.
- The Tetrarch generally stuck to their borders, which proved to be highly effective for keeping the empire under control
6
Q
Diocese
A
- Administrative division that began with Diocletian under the Tetrachy in the 290’s
- Subdivided the 50 or so provinces into 101, including Italy.
- These provinces were then grouped within 12 Dioceses (like intermediate government units).
- Each Diocese ruled by a deputy (vicarius).
- These answer to the Praetorian Prefects of each Ruler.
7
Q
The Huns
A
- Nomadic people who resided in Eastern Europe
* Responsible for pushing the Goths over the border into Roman territory sparking the Gothic wars
8
Q
homoiousion/homousion
A
•Homoiousion
This was the Arian concept of the relationship between God and Jesus Christ
It stated that God and Jesus were of similar substance but not the same
Priest from Alexandria named Arius originally stated this view sparking the heated debate
Eusebius and Bishop George also took this view
Arius was excommunicated by Bishop Alexander of Alexandria
•Homousion
This was the Athanasain concept of the relationship between God and Jesus Christ
It stated that God and Jesus were of the same substance
Originally confirmed at the Council of Nicaea but later Constantine changed his mind and recalled the Arians
9
Q
Arians and Athanasians
A
- Two different branches of the Christian church
- The Arians believed that God and Jesus were of the similar substance but not the same
- The Athanasians believed that God and Jesus were the same
- Lack of reconciliation in the church leads to the Council of Nicea (325), called by Constantine and attended by 318 Church fathers.
- Homo-ousion confirmed. Arian condemned.
- Constantine originally sided with the Athanasians and exiled Arius and other Arians
- He was later persuaded by his sister and recalled all the Arians including Eusebius and Arius and had them reinstated
10
Q
Gallus
A
- Half-brother of Julian
- Became Caesar of the West? Under Constantius
- Married Constantius’ sister Constantia
- Was cruel and bloodthirsty
- Eventually begins to challenge authority and is removed by Constantius and executed—his head was displayed in all the major cities per Gore Vidal
- Was known for his beauty and was very charming and political (according to Vidal)
11
Q
Julian the Apostate
A
• The cousin of Constantius that eventually inherits the throne.
• He and his half brother Gallus are the only two to survive the Purge of Constantius (he spared bc Constantius’ wife thought they would never have their own heir)
• He was keen on philosophy and spent much of his younger life as a student
• Many thought he would become a priest and he played along with it to save his neck (since priests cannot be emperors)
• However, he became inclined to Hellenism and wanted to restore the worship of the gods
• After much debate within the palace (and after Gallus is executed), Constantius recalls him from his studies and makes him Caesar and gives him his sister Helena in marriage
• He is sent to Gaul from 355-60
• He proves to have a unique genius for war (although he was never really trained in it preferring academics)
• Very popular with the troops and they have many successes
• Constantius becomes wary and slowly tries to strip him of his army
• Julian confronts a German king who is attacking him on Constantius’ orders
• Julian’s troops elevate him to Augustus and he is forced to accept
• He downplays this to Constantius to buy himself time
• Eventually must move to confront Constantius, however, Constantius dies before a full fledge civil war can break out
• Julian is now the single Augustus
• Makes many sacrifices to the gods, which displeases many
• Meets the senate and consistory and then enters Constantinople
• Treason trials begin
• Feb. 4, 362 declares Freedom of Worship
• Engages in some blatant Christian discrimination however
• Julian wants to imitate Alexander the Great
• Engages in a Persian campaign
• Strengths:
– Self-control
• Sparing of food and sleep.
• Totally and completely chaste.
• Contempt of riches and worldly things.
• Merciful.
• Courageous.
• Generous and lenient in taxation.
• Weaknesses:
• Impulsive.
• Chatterbox.
• Superstitious.
• Too given to popularity.
• A just man, except for his injunction against Christian teachers
12
Q
Flavius Jovianus (Jovian)
A
- Succeeded Julian as Emperor and ruled from 363-364
- was hastily declared emperor by his soldiers (may have mistaken his name and started acclaiming him)
- He sought peace with the Persians on humiliating terms
- eager to settle his succession, decides to hand over many important towns and fortresses in Mesopotamia, in a very shameful peace. Practically impregnable town of Nisibis handed over.
- Armenia even ceded. Peace struck for 30 years.
- reestablished Christianity as the state church.
- After a disastrous retreat, Jovian found dead in his bed on the border of Bythinia
- Only ruled for 8 months
13
Q
13.Flavius Valentinianus (Valentinian)
A
- Ruled from 364-375
- Upon Jovian’s death some initial squabbling, everyone by common consent settles on Valentinian as the best qualified, in the interest of the state.
- When he arrives and addresses the troops, he is heckled, and they demand that he choose a co-emperor.
- He calmly but firmly resists them, and says he needs time to look for the right person.
- He eventually chooses his own brother Valens (some thought this was not the best choice and Dagalaif objected)
- He is the last emperor to make sure the Rhine and Danube frontiers are policed
- Barbarians begin renewing attacks along the borders
- Also a usurper Procopius appears in the East, eventually put down
- Valentinian becomes very sick and thinks he will die, so appoints son Gratian as co-emperor (unprecedented) but he recovers
- His main flaw was a bad temper and the attitude of the Quadi envoys so enraged Valentinian that he suffered a burst blood vessel in the skull while angrily yelling at them, provoking his death on November 17, 375.
- According to the Encyclopædia Britannica 1911, he was a founder of schools, and provided medical attendance for the poor of Rome, by appointing a physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city.
14
Q
Valens
A
- Brother of Valentinian
- Elevated to co-emperor by his brother in 364 and ruled until 378
- Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
- Procopius tries to usurp him in the East
- Valens crosses the Danube 3x in 3 years to punish the Goth allies of Procopius, until they ask for peace
- trials for astrology and sorcery are just as bad (very cruel) under Valens.
- Multiple assassination attempts, flatterers, make Valens paranoid.
- has to postpone a planned eastern campaign, when he learns that the Huns have pushed the Goths over the border (Danube).
- He decides to engage in battle too hastily and is defeated at the Battle of Adrianople
- He is killed at this battle and his army severely defeated
15
Q
Battle of Adrianople
A
- August 8, 378
- Emperor Valens vs. the Goths
- Disastrous error by Valens—the emperor was killed and his army was destroyed (only 1/3 survived)
- The Goths win by a classic double-envelopment maneuver
- This is considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire
16
Q
Libanius
A
- Greek-speaking teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist school. During the rise of Christian hegemony in the later Roman Empire, he remained unconverted and in religious matters regarded himself as a Pagan Hellene.
- One of the key correspondents in Vidal’s book
- From Antioch
- Considered a great philosopher
- Contained a copy of Julian’s memoirs
- Devoted his life to philosophy and rhetoric
- Was a close friend of Emperor Julian, but also friends with Christains
- Despite friendship with the restorationist Emperor Julian, he was made an honorary praetorian prefect by the Christian Emperor Theodosius I.
17
Q
Priscus
A
- One of the key correspondents in Vidal’s book
- From Athens
- Also considered a great philosopher
- Asked for Libanius’s copy of Julian’s memoirs
- He taught Julian in Athens and they became good friends
- When Julian was proclaimed Caesar he summoned Priscus to Gaul, and he took him with him to Constantinople when he became Augustus in 361.
- Priscus and Maximus travelled with Julian on campaign in Persia, and they were with him when he died in 363.
- Priscus later returned to Athens and taught for some 30 years after
18
Q
Alaric
A
•King of the Visigoths from 395-410\
•served as a leader of foederati under Theodosius I
•Continued occasional raids in the Balkans
•Became close to Roman General Stilicho and hoped to increase his own rank to general
•Asked to be elevated and demanded a large sum of money which the Senate was willing to confer, however, Honorius stupidly refused because he was prejudiced and didn’t want to raise a man of Aleric’s race
•When the western emperor Honorius refused to deal with the Goths, Alaric sacked Rome in 410
•Invaded Italy which led to the sack of Rome in August 410
Many consider this the last straw in the breakdown of the western roman empire
19
Q
The Goths
A
- The Visigoths (subtribe of the Goths) are forced to cross the Danube into Roman territory in 375 by the Huns who were invading their lands
- For a while they were tolerated for a couple decades
- In 378 the Emperor Valens decided to lead an army against them
- It was disastrous— Valens was killed and his army suffered severe losses (only 1/3 survive) at the Battle of Adrianople
- Goths win by double-envelopment maneuver
- In 382 they signed a peace treaty allowing them to settle in the area as Roman allies
- However in 395 they rebel under the rule of Alaric—they begin raiding the Balkans, etc.
- In August 410 the Goths sacked Rome—sent shock waves through the world and foreshadowed the impending breakdown of the western empire
20
Q
Secret Agents (agentes in rebus)
A
- were the late Roman imperial courier service and general agents of the central government from the 4th to the 7th centuries.
- The Code of Justinian notes furthermore that the agentes enjoyed immunity from prosecution both civil and criminal, unless otherwise sanctioned by the Master of Offices
- They are described in Vidal’s book as always lurking in the shadows of the palace
- One could never speak candidly because secret agents were always about and constructing chains of treason to dispose of those they didn’t like
- These agents were very influential and could not be trusted according to Julian
- They served an intelligence function and Libanius described them as “sheep dogs who had joined the wolf pack”
- Libanius accused them of accused them of gross misconduct and terrorizing and extorting the provincials
21
Q
Acclaimation
A
- Acclamations were ritual verbal expressions of approval and benediction in public (like gladiatorial games) and private life. The departure and return of imperial magistrates was, for example, accompanied by acclamation.
- In the later Roman Empire, essions of goodwill were reserved for the emperor and certain relatives, who were greeted in this manner during public appearances on special occasions such as their birthdays.
- By the 4th century AD, acclamations were compulsory for high-level imperial officials.
22
Q
The Misopogon
A
- Julian mocked by the people of Antioch in an underground pamphlet.
- called “bull butcher,” “ape,” and “dwarf.”
- Responds with the misopogon “the beard hater”.
- satire was written by Julian in Antioch in February or March 363, not long before Julian departed for his fateful Persian campaign.
- Light hearted but attacks the people of Antioch for their shortcomings
23
Q
Marcus Cocceius Nerva
A
- first of the “5 Good Emperors”
o Gibbon called them this - Was a praetor in 65 and he uncovered the conspiracy of Piso against Nero
o For this he received the triumphal ornamenta - 71 he was a joint consul with Vespasian
o again consul in 90 with Domitian - Named emperor by senate the same day that Domitian was assassinated
o At the time he was 66 years old and had no children - While emperor
o Freed those imprisoned by Domitian
o Cut expenditures by reducing the number of sacrifices and entertainments
o Promote the welfare of the urban poor
Exempts children and parents from taxation
Large land grants
o Praetorians mutiny because Domitian had not been deified
o Oct of 97 news arrives of victory in Pannonia over Germans
Takes the laurels and lays crown on the lap of the statue of Juppiter
Adopts M Ulpius Traianus (governor of upper Germany)
• Does this to appease army
• Gives him tribunicia postestas
• Bypasses the senate to do all this
Has consulship for 4th time with Trajan (who is absent) - Died of a stroke after a heated argument
o Dies Jan 25, 98 AD - Succeeded by Trajan who deified Nerva
24
Q
Principle of Adoption
A
-Tacitus reference could be used to describe why Galba used adoption (book 1 pg 15-16)
-Galba adopted
-So did Nerva as mentioned above
oThis adoption method was used for almost a century until Commodus took over for his father Marcus Aurelius
25
Q
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus
A
- Adopted son of Nerva
- Optimus Princeps
- From southern spain
- 41 Years old
- Trajans Forum, Trajans Market, Trajans Column
- Expanded empire to its largest
- Rules from 98-117 AD
- Enters Rome in a toga and on foot
- Did a lot
o Balanced rigorous expansion with sensible domestic policy
o Liked by both the army and the senate
o Pliny wrote a panegyricus delivered in 100
One of those bragging speeches
Makes 3 distributions to people of Rome
Has 4th consulship but never holds one again
Curators appointment to oversee things in cities who report directly to him
• One of the curators is Pliny the younger
• Remember that long letter to Trajan that he wrote concerning how to handle all the Christians
Imperial army had its highest enrollment (30 legions)
Civilian capacity for 7 years
Forum of Trajan at Rome
• Column depicting the campaign
Better ports and roads
26
Q
Gaius Plinius Caecillius Secundus (Pliny the younger)
A
- Curatores for the area of Bithynia-Pontus from 111-112 AD
- Several letters exist written by Pliny asking for instructions
o One famous one dealing with Christians - Lawyer, author, and magistrate of ancient Rome
- His uncle was Pliny the elder
- He was a witness to eruption of Vesuvius
- Friend of historian Tacitus and employed Suetonius
- Born equestrian order
- Oration: Panegyricus Trajani
o Compliment speeches about Trajan
27
Q
Optimus Princeps
A
- Trajan
- The best ruler
- Successful soldier- emperor and ruled over the greatest military expansion in Roman history leading the emoire to its maximum territorial area
- Lots of public building
- Social welfare policies
- Second of the 5 god emperors
28
Q
Alimenta
A
- Trajan formalized the alimenta
- This was a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children throughout Italy
- Provided General funds as well as food and subsidized education
- Most scholars think that the program was meant to increase citiaen number in italy
29
Q
Antinoos
A
- Hadrian has famous love affair with Antinoos
- He was a Bithynian youth whom Hadrian met
- He drowned in the Nile on his tour of Egypt in 130 AD
- Hadrian has great grief and set up temples ot the boy and even founds the city of antinoopolis near the spot where he drowned
- Only non imperial head to ever appear on coinage
- Went lots of places with Hadrian
30
Q
Marcomannic Wars
A
- Series of wars laster over 12 years
- 166-180
- Roman Empire VS Germanic Marcomanni, Quadi, Sarmatian Lazyges
- Under Marcus Aurelius
o Mostly fought with the Germans and Sarmatians
o During his campaigns against them he started writing his philosophical word Meditations - Commodus ruled for part of this time as well
31
Q
Publius Septimius Geta
A
- “Geta”
- Younger son of Septimius Sverus by Julia Domna
- Born in Rome
- Septimius Severus gave Geta title of Augustus in 209
- When the father died in 211
- Caracalla and Geta were proclaimed joint emperors and returned to Rome
- Caracalla had Geta Murdered
- Caracells ordered his brothers name to be removed from all inscriptions
- Ruled with his father and older brother from 209 until his death
32
Q
Edict of Caracalla
A
- ¬212 AD
- issued by Caracalla which declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman Citizenship and all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman Women
- Before this only inhabitant os italy held full roman citizenship
- Cassius DIo said: the sole motivation for the edict was a desire to increase state revenue needed to pay for the new pay rises and benefits conferred on the military
- Possibly also increases the number of men able to serve in the legions
o Actually made it harder to recruit men. Before if they completed service they could be a full roman citizen, now it was less attractive
33
Q
Publius Helvius Pertinax
A
- Roman Emperor for 3 months (87 days)
- First of the year of the five emperors
- Tried to restore discipline with praetorian guards
o Praetorian guards killed him - Succeeded by Didius Julianus whose reign was similarly short
- History
o Was an urban prefect before
o Son of a freedman
o Gained access to high society by education and erudition
o Became a teacher of grammar
o In mid 30s he switched careers into the military
o Rose through ranks then came under the patronage of Pomponeianus who had married Marcus Aurelius daughter Lucilla, after the death of Lucius Verus
o senate in 170 and commands a legion
o Appointed city prefect by Commodus in 189
o 66 year sold when he gained principate
o has children but not heirs (he does not allow them to live in the imperial palace) - very uptight, did not live in great luxury
- killed when the imperial treasury cannot support the large donative expected by the troops who where supporters of Commodus; he could only pay them half
o when he confronts praetorians during a mutiny they kill him - summed up by Dio “one cannot reform everything at once”
34
Q
Elegabalus
A
- Roman Emerpor from 218 to 222
- Severan Dynasty
- Syrian
- Son of Julia Soaemias and Sextus Varius Marcellus
- Priest of the sun god of Emesa in Syria in early years
- As private citizen called: Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus
- Emperor: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus
- After Death: Elegabalus
- Marriage to a vestal virgin
o Left her after a year
o Strictly against roman custum - Makes dues invictus sol Elegabalus the main deity of Rome
- Murdered along with his mother by his maternal aunt who putsh his cousin on the throne
- WIKI said: Overall pretty crazy. Married to lots of women and men. Possibly Transgender. Wore make up.
- Artifacts:
o The coin with the horse and the stone (meteorite)
35
Q
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus
A
- Roman Emperor from 270 to 275
- Rose thought military ranks to become emperor
- Member of gallienus’ entourage
- Aurelian and his cavalry participated in general Claudius victory over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus
- Claudius is emperor between Gallienus and Aurelianus
- Claimed emperor in 270 instead of Claudius brother quintillus
o Army proclaimed him emperor - Wanted to recover vast territories lost of past 20 years and reform the res publica
- Builds a walls around Rome 12 miles long
- Abandon Dacia permanently
- Recaptures all of the eastern provinces
- Tried to fix debased coinage by shutting down all mints but the military mint
- State control of trade association like association of bakers and construction workers
- New cult based of Illyrian god “Sol Invictus, the sun god”
- Murdered on the way to face the Persians after suppressing a revolt in gaul
o Secretary made it look like he planned on killing high officials and praetorian guard killed him
o Secretary probably feared he was going to crack down on corruption which he had been a part of
36
Q
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Jovius
A
- succeeded after defeating carinus near Belgrade in Moesia
- History
- Modest abckground
o No higher education, military training
o Wife: Prisca Daughter: Valeria were reputedly hristians
o Fist shows up in sources as Dux of Moesia - Takes throne when there are military threats on virtually all borders of empire
o He handles the rhine and Danube frontier
o Success of Maximianus leades him to be elevated to co-emperor in 286
o Need for more oversight leads to the Tetrarchy in 293
4 co-rulers established through marriage
2 junior rulers married the daughters of the 2 senior rulers
Diocletian take the epithet Jobius (Jupiter like) and rules eastern half from his capitol and Nicomedia
Stick near the borders and rarely visit Rome which proves successful
Increases number of legions to 67 from 33
• Conscription is tightened and severe
o Needed to bring the empire back under control and secure the loyalty and discipline of the troops and secure the borders
Divided the 50 provinces into 101 including Italy
These all grouped within 12 dioceses
Each diocese was ruled by a deputy
Deputies answer to praetorian prefect
Under these deputies (also called vecarius) there were governors (praesides) who collected taxes and administered justice
o Economic reform
Expanding the bureaucracy and number of troops required more expenditure
Even out taxation
o To increase the power of the government the pretense of the principate ends forever
o Promotes traditional roman religion
o In 305 both he and Maximian retire forever
37
Q
Maximianus Herculius
A
- Roman emperor from 286-305
- Member of Tetrarchy
o Caesar from 285-286
o Then Augustus from 286-305
Shared this title with Diocletian
Known for his military brawn
He is the western augustus and takes the epithet Herculius
Rules from Mediolanum (modern day Milan)
o Late 306 Maximian took the title of Augustus again and aided his son Maxentius
o Wanted to take Constantine’s (his step grandson and son in law) title while the emperor was on campaign on the Rhine
o He killed himself under Constantine’s orders
o See above for accomplishments, they served together
38
Q
Constantius I (Chlorus)
A
- Roman emperor from 293-306
- Father of Constantine the great
- Founder of the constantinian dynasty
- As Caesar he campaigned extensively along the Rhine
- Augustus with Galerius
- Took maximian’s place when he retire in 305 as emperor
- He is augustus of the west
- Married first to Helena then daughter of Maximian Theodora
- When Augustus in 305 he launched a successful campaign against the Picts
- Died suddenly in Eburacum (York) the following year
o Death started the collapse of the tetrarchic system of government started by Diocletian - Was said to possibly be a Christian in secret because he did not persecute the schistians as he should have under the imperial edicts instituted by Diocletian
39
Q
Galerius
A
- Roman Emperor from 305 to 311
- Campaigned aided by diocleitan aginse the Sassanid Empire
- Campaigned across Danube againse the Capri
- Opponent of Christianity but ended the Diocletian Persecution when he issued an edict of toleration in 311 shortly before his death
o Licinius and Constantine later finalized this with the Edict of Milan and legalized christianity - Part of the tetraarchy with Constantius as co emperior and have maximinus and severus are the caesares
o First was a Caesar with constantius under Diocletian and Maximian
o Replaced by Maximininus, Constantine, and Licinius - Led successful strike against Persains
- Constantine served under Galerius in the east before he was elevated (this is interesting because Constantine’s father, Constantius was a ruler in the west at the time)
- Married Vlaeria (Diocletians daughter) with the establishment of the tetrarchy
40
Q
Constantine (The Great)
A
- Roman emperor from 306 to 337
- Son of constantius and Helena
- Worked uner Diocletian and Galerius in the east while his father was Caesar in the west
- Campaigned under his father in Britannia when he was named augustus
- Acclaimed sole empere after a serior of civil wars against Maxentius and licinius by 324
- First roman emperor to convert to Christianity
- Influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan
o Religious tolerance throughout the empire - Arch of Constantine
- Kills his son Crispus and wife Fausta
- Council of Nicea called by Constantine
- His mother Helena undertakes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
- Begins to promote the church more and push back paganism
- He is baptized close to his death
- Did not make great plans for his succession. Has his three sons and a nephew appointed as the 4 caesars
- Buried in the church of the holy apostles
- Founded constantinopolis (constantine’s city)
41
Q
Battle of the Milvian Bridge (DATE!)
A
- October 28 312 AD
- Famous battle of the milvian Bridge outside of Rome
- Because of hostilities between Maxentius and Constatine in 312
- Milvian bridge is an important route over the Tiber
- Constatine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire
- Maxentius drowned in the Tiber
- Arch of Constatine in commemoration
- Temporary bridge set up next to milvian bridge collapsed while many of maxentius’ men were retreating over it
42
Q
Edict of Toleration (Gallienus, give DATE!) I ONLY FOUND GALERIUS
A
- April 30, 311
- in Nicomedia by the Roman Tetrachy of Galerius, Constatine, Licinius
- Endied the Diocletian Persecution of Christianity
- Galerius who was a leading figure in persecution of Christians said the they policy had failed
- Edict of Milan 2 years later actually legalized it
Julian the Apostate (Tons of information from lecture, may want to read over to get the full story) - Roman Emperor from 361 to 363
- Philosopher and greek writer
- Constantinian dynasty
- Caesar over the western provinces under Constantius II (Constantine’s son) in 355
o Campaigned against Alamanni and Franks
o Battle of Argentoratum was a notable victory - Julian was acclaimed Augustus by soldiers, b/c of this a civil war resulted between Julian and Constantius II
- Before they fount Constantius died and named Julian his successor
- In 363 Julian went on an ambitious campaign against the Sassanid Empire
o Initially successful, Julian was mortally wounded in battle and died after - Theosophist, social reformer, man of letters,
- Last non Christian ruler of the Roman Empire
- He wanted to bring it back to its ancient Roman Values in order to save it form dissolution
- Wanted to revive traditional Roman Religious practices at the cost of Christianity
- Last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty
- First Christian dynasty
43
Q
Dux
A
- latin for leader
- mid third century: more precise connotation: commander of an expeditionary force, made up of detachments from one or more than one of the regular military formations
- for dealing with specific military situations when the threat to be countered with seemed beyond the capabilities of the province based military command structure
- Mobile troops are under the command of duces that were attached to a body of troops and their authority extended beyond the provicne
