Final Exam

Question 1

Development Defined

Answer 1

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Question 2

Biosocial

Answer 2

of or relating to the interaction of biological and social factors

Question 3

o Psychosocial

Answer 3

of or relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual thought and behavior

Question 4

Freud

Answer 4

o Was a pioneer in the treatment of psychological problems
o Developed a technique called psychoanalysis
o Believed that people’s problems were the result of experiences early in life
o He thought that as children grow up their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts
o 5 stages of psychosexual development

Question 5

Freud’s 1st stage of development (birth- 1 1/2 years)

Answer 5

Oral Stage - infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth

Question 6

Anal Stage

Answer 6

Freud’s 2nd stage of development (1 1/2 - 3 years)

Question 7

Phallic Stage

Answer 7

Child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals. Freud’s 3rd stage of development (3 - 6 years)

Question 8

Freud’s 4th stage of development (6 years old -puberty)

Answer 8

• Latency stage – child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

Question 9

Genital Stage

Answer 9

A time of sexual reawakening: source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family (puberty onward) Freud’s 5th and Final Stage of Development

Question 10

Erikson

Answer 10

o Believed we develop in psychosocial stages
o According to Freud the primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature; according to Erikson motivation is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people
o According to Freud our basic personality is shaped in the first 5 years of life; according to Erikson developmental change occurs through the life span
o 8 stages of development

Question 11

Piaget

Answer 11

o In Piaget’s theory children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world
o Two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world: organization and adaptation
o 4 stages of understanding the world

Question 12

Piaget’s Sensori-motor stage

Answer 12

The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage

Question 13

Piaget’s Preoperational stage

Answer 13

The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action

Question 14

Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage

Answer 14

– The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

Question 15

Piaget’s Formal operational stage

Answer 15

The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways

Question 16

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

Answer 16

o Like Piaget, the Russian developmentalist Lev Vygotsky reasoned that children actively construct their knowledge
o He gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive development than Piaget did
o Vygotsky’s theory is a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
o Cognitive development involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical systems, and memory strategies
o Children’s social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development

Question 17

Eclectic approach

Answer 17

does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather presents what are considered the best features of each theory

Question 18

The Life-Span Perspective

Answer 18

o	Multidirectional
o	Multidimentional
o	Multidisciplinary
o	Plastic
o	Contextual

Question 19

Nature and Nurture

Answer 19

the debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture. Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences

Question 20

Stability and change

Answer 20

The debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

Question 21

Continuity-discontinuity

Answer 21

The debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)

Question 22

Descriptive research

Answer 22

type of research that aims to observe and record behavior

Question 23

Correlational research

Answer 23

type of research that focuses on describing the strength of the relation between two or more events of characteristics

Question 24

a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence that behavior being studied is manipulated and all other factors are held constant. It permits the determination of cause

Answer 24

Experimental

Question 25

Cross-sectional approach

Answer 25

a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared to one time

Question 26

Longitudinal approach

Answer 26

a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more

Question 27

Cohort effects

Answer 27

effects that are due to a subject’s time of birth or generation but not age

Question 28

cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes - REGULAR

Answer 28

Mitosis

Question 29

a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes) - BABY FORMING

Answer 29

Meiosis

Question 30

Fertilization

Answer 30

when an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell called a zygote where 23 unpaired chromosomes form the egg and the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm combing to form one set of 23 paired chromosomes

Question 31

a person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material

Answer 31

Genotype

Question 32

Phenotype

Answer 32

the way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

Question 33

Overrides the potential influence of the other gene (brown hair, farsightedness, dimples)

Answer 33

Dominant gene

Question 34

Recessive Genes

Answer 34

the gene that gets overridden by the dominant gene (blond hair, nearsightedness, freckles

Question 35

Sex-Linked Genes

Answer 35

most mutated genes are recessive; when carried on the X chromosome called X-linked inheritance; males only have one X-chromosome so they are more likely to show those mutations since they don’t have another X-chromosome to dominate over it (Down’s syndrome; Klinefelter syndrome (XXY); Fragile X syndrome; Turner Syndrome (XO); XYY syndrome

Question 36

Prenatal development

Answer 36

starts at moment of conception, germination (begins w/rapid cell division of the zygote, now called blastocyst which will be the embryo and trophoblast will be the yoke and nutritional support; implantation occurs when blastocyst is embedded into uterine wall) => embryonic (from 2-8 weeks after conception; cell differentiation intensifies, support systems form, and organs develop) => fetal (lasts ~ 7 months, from 2 months after conception till birth) => birth

Question 37

SIDS (also known as cot death or crib death)

Answer 37

is the sudden death of an infant that is not predicted by medical history and remains unexplained after a thorough forensic autopsy and detailed death scene investigation.[1] Infants are at the highest risk for SIDS during sleep. Typically the infant is found dead after having been put to bed, and exhibits no signs of having struggled.[2]The cause of SIDS is unknown, but some characteristics associated with the syndrome have been identified and appear to interact with other characteristics:

Question 38

SIDS prevention strategies include:

Answer 38

• putting the infant to sleep on his/her back
• a firm mattress separate from but close to caregivers
• no loose bedding
• a relatively cool sleeping environment, using a pacifier, and avoidance of exposure to tobacco smoke

Question 39

self-conscious emotions

Answer 39

must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others…pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt and they don’t appear till around 18months of age; in early childhood Pride and Guilt; Ex: a young child may experience shame when parents say, “you should feel bad that you bit your sister”

Question 40

Fear

Answer 40

one of baby’s 1st emotions, appears around 6months and peaks at 18 months

Question 41

stranger anxiety

Answer 41

not all infants show fear around strangers though; show less fear when on mother’s lap; infants also experience separation protest – crying when caregiver leaves

Question 42

Brain Development

Answer 42

25% of adult weight and 75% by 2nd B-day brain

nervous system grows as child does allowing child to experience more and more cognitive abilities; overall size of brain does not increase from ages 3-15 but the local patters do; cells are pruned and continues to reorganize;

Question 43

most rapid growth is in the Brain of a child (3-6)

Answer 43

prefrontal cortex

Question 44

prefrontal cortex

Answer 44

had a key role in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks

Question 45

increasing the speed of signals in brain

Answer 45

myelination

Question 46

Brain dendrites

Answer 46

number and size increase

Question 47

Gross Motor Skills (age 3, 4, and 5)

Answer 47

uses large muscle groups; start using legs better,

age 3 – hopping, jumping, running;

age 4 – become more adventurous in movements, scramble in jungle gym, climb stairs;

age 5 – climbing everything, racing

Question 48

Fine Motor Skills (age 3, 4, and 5)

Answer 48

age 3 – pick up tiny objects w/thumb and forefinger, build block towers, simple jigsaw puzzles;

age 4 – much more precise, build higher towers;

age 5 – hand, arm, and body move to the command of the eyes, build more complex buildings like a house or church

Question 49

Object permanence

Answer 49

the Piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

Question 50

Reciprocal socialization

Answer 50

socialization that is bidirectional, meaning that children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children

Question 51

Social referencing

Answer 51

“reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation; seen in infants onward, tend to “check” w/mother to see how he should be feeling

Question 52

Egocentrism (infants and adolescents)

Answer 52

infants: the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s (salient feature of the 1st substage of preoperational)
adolescents: the heightened self-consciousness

Question 53

Conservation

Answer 53

in Piaget’s theory, awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Question 54

Temperament

Answer 54

an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally;