Final Exam Flashcards
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Caused by Lentivirus or retrovirus, Progressive form is known as AIDS.
It infects the CD4 cells.
Transmission: •Infected body fluids •Sexual contact •Transplacental infection of fetus •Blood-contaminated needles •Organ transplants •Blood transfusion
Prevention:
Use of condoms
Use of sterile needles (IDUs)
Treatment:
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Combinations of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or
Protease inhibitor
Tetanus
Caused by Clostridium tetani
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Grows in deep wounds
Tetanospasmin released from dead cells blocks relaxation pathway in muscles
Prevention: by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTP) and booster (dT)
Treatment: With tetanus immune globulin for unimmunized person.
Treatment for tetanus in an immunized person with a puncture wound is Tetanus toxoid.
Prevent tetanus with Antibodies
Symptoms: Lock jaw, Muscle spasms, irritability
Botulism
Caused by Clostridium botulinum, Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Transmitted by: Ingestion
Intoxication comes from ingesting botulinal toxin
Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis
Prevention:
Proper canning
Nitrites prevent endospore germination in sausages
Treatment: Supportive care and antitoxin
Infant botulism results from C. botulinum growing in intestines
Wound botulism results from growth of C. botulinum in wounds
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-positive cocci, coagulase-positive
Staphylococcal food poisoning is an illness of the bowels that causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Transmission: Eating foods contaminated with toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus . Skin to skin contact
Prevention: No vaccinations, Careful attention to food-handling and food-preparation practices can decrease the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning.
Treatment: Fluids, electrolytes, and oral antibiotics
Causes: Toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia
Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, low blood pressure, shock, death
Mode of transmission: women using tampons for long period of time,
Prevention: No vaccinations, Change tampons every six hours
Treatment: oral and intravenous antibiotics.
Hypersensitivity
Undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.
ABO Typing
Any of the four main types into which human blood is divided: A, B, AB, and O. Blood types are based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells. Also called blood group.
S. pyogenes
Gram-positive bacterium that is the cause of group A streptococcal infections.[1] S. pyogenes displays streptococcal group a antigen on its cell wall.
Symptoms: Fever, Flu Like symptoms, pneumonia, cellulitus
Prevention: No Vaccines
Treatment: Antibiotics/Penicillin
Herpes simplex complex I and II
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection.
Symptoms: Blisters or sores located on the mouth or genital area. Flu like symptoms. Swollen Lymph Nodes. Burning during urination.
Treatment: Antiviral medication
RX/Famciclovir (Famvir)
RX/Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus PLASMODIUM
Transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles.
Symptoms: Characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Found by blood test.
Treatment: RX/Antibiotic/Combinations
RX/Artemether (Artenam)
Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning caused by the Salmonella enteric bacterium.
Transmission: Food may be contaminated during food processing or food handling. Salmonella may also be found in the feces of some pets.
Symptoms: Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. They develop 12 to 72 hours after infection, and the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days.
Treatment: You treat salmonellosis by managing any complications until it passes. Use of Antibiotics can be administered if infection spreads.
Gastroenteritis aka E.Coli
E. coli is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine and lives in the digestive tracts of people and animals.
Transmission: Contaminated Water, Person to person contact.
Symptoms: Diarrhea,
Abdominal cramping, pain or tenderness
Nausea and vomiting,
Treatment: Antibiotics such as Amoxicillin
Gonorrhea
A common human sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Transmission: A contagious disease transmitted most often through sexual contact with an infected person. Gonorrhea may also be spread by contact with infected bodily fluids.
Symptoms: Greenish yellow or whitish discharge from the vagina, Lower abdominal or pelvic pain, Burning when urinating.
Treatment: Oral or injectable antibiotic, practice safe sex.
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
Transmission: The disease can be passed to another person through prolonged kissing or close bodily contact. Although this disease is spread from sores.
Symptoms: 3 stages
Primary: Large painless sores around the mouth and genital area.
Secondary: Moist warts in the groin, white patches on the inside of the mouth, swollen lymph glands, fever, and weight loss.
Tertiary: Paralysis, blindness, dementia, deafness, impotence.
Treatment: RX/Antibiotic, RX/Penicillin
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Gram-negative
Acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII.
Transmission: Transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America.
Symptoms: Include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.
Treatment: Antibiotics (RX/Tetracycline)
Encephalitis
Is an acute inflammation of the brain caused by different forms of the virus.
Symptoms: Include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue.
Prevention: Vaccination is available against tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis and should be considered for at-risk individuals.
Treatment: Is symptomatic but can be treated by antivirals.
