Final Exam (2266) Flashcards
White Collar Crime
Illegal activities by employees and officers of company for personal gain or the benefit of the company (eg. fraud, embezzelment)
Corporate crime
Illegal acts carried out by employees to benefit the corporations financial performance
Designed to benefit the company
Occupational crime
Person takes advantage of their occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement, and theft
Non-white collar workers who commit crime within the course of their occupation
Cybercrime
Any crime involving the use of computer tech, or the internet.
Types of hackers
Black hats - good with computers and desire to cause harm
White hats - hackers with good intentions
Grey hats - both defensive and offensive activities
Suicide hats - intent on causing harm without concern of being caught
Computer crime
Destroying data, altering data, rendering data meaningless or interfering with someone using legitimate data
Opportunity reduction strategies
Prevent crime by minimizing opportunities for criminal behaviour - 3 forms:
Primary prevention - addresses environmental conditions
Secondary prevention - identifying potential offenders and targets and intervening before
Tertiary prevention - preventing individuals who have already violated the law
Restorative justice
Emphasizes restitution and community participation, focused on rehabilitating offenders and reintegrating them back into communities
Restorative justice principles
Emphasizes social rather than moral responsibility
Public shaming
Restorative model
Process of restitution should respect all parties
Organized crime themes
Supplying of illegal goods and services
Involvement of predatory crime
Transnational dimension
Comparative crime control
See how other countries are dealing with crime and crime control and learn from various approaches
Victimology
Focuses on relationship between victims and perpetrators of crimes, against the backdrop of social institutions such as the CJS
Consequences of crime
Material or personal loss
Physical suffering
Emotional distress
Lifestyle theory model
Theory that some people are at greater risk because of their lifestyle habits and patterns of behaviour
Equivalent Group Hypothesis - the offender and victim share characteristics
Proximity Hypothesis - some choose high-risk lifestyles
Deviant Place Hypothesis - some areas are more criminally active
Routine Activity Theory
Risk of victimization increases when there is: Motivated offenders, Suitable targets, and lack of capable guardians
Secondary victimization
Victimization occuring through responces of individuals and/or institutions the victim has contact with (victim blaming)
Benefits of victimization surveys (VS)
The extent and distribution of selected crimes
Impacts of crime
Risk of victimization
Contrasts of victim and non-victim perceptions
Victim Bill of Rights
Right to information
Right to protection
Right to participation
Right to restitution
Violent crime
General category of crime that includes serious offences involving physical violation of a person
Homicide (culpable and non-culpable)
Causing death of another person, directly or indirectly, by unlawful act or negligence
Culpable - criminal offence including manslaughter, and infanticide
Non-culpable - Homicides that are justifiable and excusable
1st degree
Culpable homicide that is planned and deliberate (including killing someone during another offence)
2nd degree
Murder that is intentional but not planned
Manslaughter
Unintentional killing of another person
Infanticide
Female causes death of newborn (under 1y/o) intentional or unintentional
Mass murder
Killing a number of people at the same time and place
Murderer usually dies at the scene by suicide or police action
Serial murder
One individual killing number of people over a period of time
Killing several victims in 3 or more separate events
Visionary serial killers
Result of psychosis - the killer is out of touch from reality
Mission oriented serial killers
Felt it’s their mission in life to kill certain kinds of individuals and are seeking to eliminate a particular group they deem undesirable
Hedonistic
Thrill seeking and find excitement in killing. Usually over average intelligence
Power/control oriented
Enjoy control over victims
Sexual activity involved
Plan their killings
Honour killing
A relative of a usually female victim commits homicide because of dishonour brought upon the family by the victim
Core police services (Ontario Police Services Act)
- Crime prevention
- Law enforcement
- Assistance to victims of crime
- Public order maintenance
- Emergency response
Peels principles of law enforcement that still govern policing today
The power of the police depend on public approval
Respecting the public means securing their cooperation to respect laws
Demonstrate impartiality, courtesy, and friendly good humour
Minimal force
