Final Exam (2266)

Question 1

White Collar Crime

Answer 1

Illegal activities by employees and officers of company for personal gain or the benefit of the company (eg. fraud, embezzelment)

Question 2

Corporate crime

Answer 2

Illegal acts carried out by employees to benefit the corporations financial performance

Designed to benefit the company

Question 3

Occupational crime

Answer 3

Person takes advantage of their occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement, and theft

Non-white collar workers who commit crime within the course of their occupation

Question 4

Cybercrime

Answer 4

Any crime involving the use of computer tech, or the internet.

Question 5

Types of hackers

Answer 5

Black hats - good with computers and desire to cause harm

White hats - hackers with good intentions

Grey hats - both defensive and offensive activities

Suicide hats - intent on causing harm without concern of being caught

Question 6

Computer crime

Answer 6

Destroying data, altering data, rendering data meaningless or interfering with someone using legitimate data

Question 7

Opportunity reduction strategies

Answer 7

Prevent crime by minimizing opportunities for criminal behaviour - 3 forms:

Primary prevention - addresses environmental conditions

Secondary prevention - identifying potential offenders and targets and intervening before

Tertiary prevention - preventing individuals who have already violated the law

Question 8

Restorative justice

Answer 8

Emphasizes restitution and community participation, focused on rehabilitating offenders and reintegrating them back into communities

Question 9

Restorative justice principles

Answer 9

Emphasizes social rather than moral responsibility

Public shaming

Restorative model

Process of restitution should respect all parties

Question 10

Organized crime themes

Answer 10

Supplying of illegal goods and services

Involvement of predatory crime

Transnational dimension

Question 11

Comparative crime control

Answer 11

See how other countries are dealing with crime and crime control and learn from various approaches

Question 12

Victimology

Answer 12

Focuses on relationship between victims and perpetrators of crimes, against the backdrop of social institutions such as the CJS

Question 13

Consequences of crime

Answer 13

Material or personal loss

Physical suffering

Emotional distress

Question 14

Lifestyle theory model

Answer 14

Theory that some people are at greater risk because of their lifestyle habits and patterns of behaviour

Equivalent Group Hypothesis - the offender and victim share characteristics

Proximity Hypothesis - some choose high-risk lifestyles

Deviant Place Hypothesis - some areas are more criminally active

Question 15

Routine Activity Theory

Answer 15

Risk of victimization increases when there is: Motivated offenders, Suitable targets, and lack of capable guardians

Question 16

Secondary victimization

Answer 16

Victimization occuring through responces of individuals and/or institutions the victim has contact with (victim blaming)

Question 17

Benefits of victimization surveys (VS)

Answer 17

The extent and distribution of selected crimes

Impacts of crime

Risk of victimization

Contrasts of victim and non-victim perceptions

Question 18

Victim Bill of Rights

Answer 18

Right to information

Right to protection

Right to participation

Right to restitution

Question 19

Violent crime

Answer 19

General category of crime that includes serious offences involving physical violation of a person

Question 20

Homicide (culpable and non-culpable)

Answer 20

Causing death of another person, directly or indirectly, by unlawful act or negligence

Culpable - criminal offence including manslaughter, and infanticide

Non-culpable - Homicides that are justifiable and excusable

Question 21

1st degree

Answer 21

Culpable homicide that is planned and deliberate (including killing someone during another offence)

Question 22

2nd degree

Answer 22

Murder that is intentional but not planned

Question 23

Manslaughter

Answer 23

Unintentional killing of another person

Question 24

Infanticide

Answer 24

Female causes death of newborn (under 1y/o) intentional or unintentional

Question 25

Mass murder

Answer 25

Killing a number of people at the same time and place

Murderer usually dies at the scene by suicide or police action

Question 26

Serial murder

Answer 26

One individual killing number of people over a period of time

Killing several victims in 3 or more separate events

Question 27

Visionary serial killers

Answer 27

Result of psychosis - the killer is out of touch from reality

Question 28

Mission oriented serial killers

Answer 28

Felt it’s their mission in life to kill certain kinds of individuals and are seeking to eliminate a particular group they deem undesirable

Question 29

Hedonistic

Answer 29

Thrill seeking and find excitement in killing. Usually over average intelligence

Question 30

Power/control oriented

Answer 30

Enjoy control over victims

Sexual activity involved

Plan their killings

Question 31

Honour killing

Answer 31

A relative of a usually female victim commits homicide because of dishonour brought upon the family by the victim

Question 32

Core police services (Ontario Police Services Act)

Answer 32

1. Crime prevention
2. Law enforcement
3. Assistance to victims of crime
4. Public order maintenance
5. Emergency response

Question 33

Peels principles of law enforcement that still govern policing today

Answer 33

The power of the police depend on public approval

Respecting the public means securing their cooperation to respect laws

Demonstrate impartiality, courtesy, and friendly good humour

Minimal force