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Spinal Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What vertebrae are the atypical Lumbar vertebrae?

A

L5

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2
Q

Which direction to inferior articular facets of L5 face?

A

Anterior and a little bit lateral

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3
Q

Which lumbar vertebrae has the shortest and widest body?

A

L5

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4
Q

What is Spondyloschisis?

A

“Spina Bifida” = incomplete vertebral arch; split at midline

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5
Q

Where is the most common site for Spinda Bifida (spondyloschisis)?

A

L5

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6
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Separation of pars interarticularis

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7
Q

What is spondylolysthesis?

A

Displacement of vertebra from normal position

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8
Q

What is lumbarization?

–How many lumbar segments are there with complete lumbarization?

A

S1 not completely fused to Sacrum

–6 Lumbar segments

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9
Q

What is sacralization?

–How many segments of Lumbar & Sacrum are seen?

A

Partial or complete fusion of L5 to Cx1

–4 Lumbar and 6 Sacrum segments

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10
Q

What is Tropism?

A

Asymetry of facet planes (zygapophyseal planes) within a segment

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11
Q

What are the atypical thoracic segments?

A

T1, T10-12

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12
Q

How many ribs articulate with the body of T1?

A

4

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13
Q

How many costo-vertebral demi facets are on the body of T1?

A
  1. And 2 FULL costo-vertebral facets
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14
Q

How many ribs articulate with the 10th vertebrae?

A
  1. 10th rib has 2 costo-vertebral demi facets for 10th rib head, but has no costovertebral facet for the 11th rib.
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15
Q

How many ribs articulate with T11?

A
  1. Has Full/Complete costovertebral facets for 11th rib heads
    Therefore, ribs 11 articulate only with T11
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16
Q

Does T11 have costotransverse facets on T.P. for rib 11?

A

No

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17
Q

What direction are inferior articular facets facing for T12?

What plane are they in?

A

Lateral

Sagittal plane

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18
Q

T12 includes mamillary tubercle, accessory mamillary tubercle, and Lateral tubercle

A

True

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19
Q

Does T12 have either costovertebral (demi or full) facets for rib 12 OR have costotransverse facet for rib 12?

A

Has FULL costovertebral facets, but NO costotransverse facets for rib 12

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20
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1, C2, and C7

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21
Q

Does C1 have pedicles, laminae, or body?

A

No. Has anterior & posterior arch (in place of laminae and pedicles) posterior tubercle (in place of SP), large L&R lateral masses (in place of body)

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22
Q

What vertebra is the widest vertebra in the neck? What vertebra has the largest vertebral foramen in the vertebral column?

A

C1 = Atlas

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23
Q

What do superior articular facets of C1 articulate with?

A

Occipital Condyle

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24
Q

What does anterior facet of dens articulate with?

“ “ inferior “ “ “ “ “ ?

A

Ant. Facet articulates w/ Fovea Dentalis of C1

Post. Facet articulates w/ Transverse Lig. of Cruciform lig.

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25
Q

What is the strongest & thickest cervical vertebra?

A

C2

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26
Q

Does C2 have uncinate processes or semi lunar facets?

A

Does NOT have uncinate processes, but does have semilunar facets (=joint of Luschka)

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27
Q

Is the SP of C7 bifid?

A

No

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28
Q

Does C7 have uncinate processes or semilunar facets?

A

HAS uncinate processes but NO semilunar facets

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29
Q

What is occipitalization?

A

Condition where C1 is partially or completely fused to occiput

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30
Q

What is atlanto-occipital ponticulum?

A

Narrow bridge of bone connecting C1-occiput

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31
Q

What is carotid tubercle?

A

Anterior tubercle of TP of C6

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32
Q

What is the sacral canal guarded by?

A

Sacral cornu

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33
Q

What 3 parts make up sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, & xiphoid process

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34
Q

Which ribs are true ribs/false ribs/floating ribs?

A

True ribs = R1-7
False ribs = R8-12
Floating = R11-12

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35
Q

Which ribs are typical ribs?

A

R2-10

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36
Q

Which are the atypical ribs?

A

R1, 11-12

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37
Q

What is arthrology?

What is syndesmology?

A 
arthrology = study of joints
syndesmology = study of ligaments
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38
Q

What is a synarthrosis

A

Joint with little, if any movement. Bony edges are very close, may even interlock

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39
Q

What is an amphiarthrosis

A

Joint that permits slight movement, the bones are farther apart than synarthrosis

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40
Q

What is a diarthrosis

A

Joint that is freely moveable

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41
Q

Fibrous joint characteristics

A

Articulating surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue

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42
Q

Cartilaginous joint characteristics

A

Articulating surfaces connected by cartilage

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43
Q

Synovial joint characteristics

A

Articulating surfaces covered by articular cartilage, but not directly connected by tissue. Separated by a joint capsule.

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44
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue form the IVD

A

Mostly fibrocartilage, but also some hyaline

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45
Q

What is the shape of the IVD in the lumbar and cervical and which curves does it contribute to

A

Wedge, thin posterior, and thick anterior

Lordotic curve

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46
Q

What are the three parts if the IVD

A

Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Vertebral end plate

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47
Q

Area of annulus fibrosus that is most prone to injury

A

Posterior lateral, posterior is reinforced by the PLL.

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48
Q

What is the developmental remnant that gives rise to the nucleus pulposus

A

Embryonic notochord

Made of collagen and mucopolysaccarides

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49
Q

Forces that the IVD can resist

A

Compressive, tractional, sheering, torsional

50
Q

What is the innervation of the IVD

A

Outer Annulus- branches of the spinal aa. And branches of the ventral rami, and sympathetic chain

Nucleus- lacks direct innervation

51
Q

How much movement is permitted in a synarthrosis joint?

A

Little, if any movement. Bony edges are very close together and may even interlock

52
Q

How much movement is permitted in an amphiarthrosis joint?

A

Slight movement; Bones are usually farther apart than they are at a synarthrosis

53
Q

How much movement is permitted at a diarthrosis joint?

A

Wide range of motion. Freely moveable

54
Q

What are the 2 major types of joints between vertebrae?

A

Cartilaginous joint (symphysis type) and Synovial (diarthrosis)

55
Q

Central joints are between most vertebral segments. Which segments are they atypical or absent?

A

Between Occiput and C1, Sacral segments, and most coccygeal segments

56
Q

What type of cartilage makes up IVD’s. (intervertebral disks)

A

Mostly fibrocartilage, a little hyaline cartilage

57
Q

What are IVD’s classified as?

A

Ligament

58
Q

How many total IVD’s are typically seen in a person?

A

23 (24 if IVD between sacrum & coccyx)
C=6
Th=12
L=5

59
Q

What is the name of the IVD between C5 and C6?
T2-T3?
L1-L2?

A

C5 IVD
T2 IVD
L1 IVD

60
Q

What section of spine are IVD’s largest/smallest? (cross-sectional area)
What section of spine are IVD’s thickest/thinnest?
*cervical, thoracic, lumbar?

A
  • Largest and thickest in lumbar
  • Smallest in cervical
  • Thinnest in thoracic
61
Q

In cervical and lumbar vertebrae, are IVD’s thicker anteriorly or posteriorly?
Does it help create kyphotic or lordotic curvature?

A 
Thicker anteriorly (thinner posteriorly) 
-helps form Lordotic curvature
62
Q

What are the three parts of the IVD?

A

Anulus Fibrosus
Nuclues Pulposus
Vertebral End Plates

63
Q

What is Schmorl’s node?

A

Where part of a nucleus pulposis is displaced through a vertebral end plage and into an adjacent vertebral body.

64
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum found?

What motion does it resist?

A

C2 - Sacrum
Discontinuous; intersegmental
Helps form posterior wall of vertebral canal
Resists flexion

65
Q

Which ligament is a homologue of ALL? Where does it extend?

A

Anterior atlanto-axial ligament
Extends from body of axis to anterior arch of atlas
*limits extension

66
Q

What ligament is a homologue of the ligamentum flavum?
Where is it found?
What action does is resist?

A

Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
Present between posterior arch of atlas and laminae of axis
Resists flexion

67
Q

What does the accessory ligament attach?

A

Lateral mass of atlas to posterior body of the axis

Limits flexion

68
Q

What is the name of the joint between the ondontoid process and the fovea dentalis?

A

Median atlantoaxial joint

*this joint is a pivot joint (trochiod)

69
Q

What is the homologue of the PLL?

A

Tectorial membrane

  • attaches posterior body of C2 and anterior border of foramen magnum where it also blends with cranial dura mater
  • strengthens the cruciate ligament
70
Q

Which ligament holds dens against posterior facet of anterior arch of atlas?
What are the 2 parts of this ligament?

A

Cruciform ligament

1) Longitudinal part
2) Transverse part

71
Q

What does alar ligament attach to?

A

Medial aspects of each occipital condyle

72
Q

Which cranial nerve parallels the vertebral artery?

A

Cranial nerve 1

72
Q

Which cranial nerve penetrates posterior atlantoaxial ligament?

A

Cranial nerve 2

72
Q

What is paresis?

A

Incomplete or partial control of muscle

72
Q

What is paralysis?

A

Total loss of control of muscle

73
Q

What is paresthesia?

A

Abnormal sensation; itching, tingling, or burning

74
Q

Where does the ligamentum flavum attach?

A

C2-Sacrum; discontinuously from lamina to lamina

Helps form posterior wall of vertebral canal

75
Q

What does the interspinous ligament connect?

A

SP of C2 to Sacrum
Discontinuous
Resists flexion
(best developed in lumbar)

76
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament connect?

A

SP’s of C7 to median sacral crest
Continuous
*Above C7, becomes funicular part of nuchal ligament in neck
Resists flexion

77
Q

What are the five joint groups effecting function of thoracic spine?
What ligaments articulate the thoracic spine (common ligaments)

A

JOINTS = 1) Central joint 2) Zygapophyseal joint 3) Costovertebral joint 4) Costotransverse joint 5) Costochondral & Sternal costal joints
LIGAMENTS include = ALL, PLL, Ligamentum Flavum, Supra Spinous, Interspinous, Intertransverse, Zygapophyseal joint capsules

78
Q

What type of joint is a zygapophyseal joint?

What plane do facets face?

A

Synovial joint
Facets in coronal plane
Superior articular facet faces posterior

79
Q

What type of joint is a costovertebral joint?

A

Synovial joint

80
Q

What type of joint is costotransverse joint?

A

Gliding synovial joint

81
Q

True or false: a schmorls node is a condition in which the disc bulges laterally

A

False. Schmorls node is when the nucleus pulposus is displaced through vertebral end plate into a vertebral body

82
Q

Define Paresis

A

Incomplete paralysis of a muscle (weakness)

83
Q

Define paralysis

A

Total loss of muscle control

84
Q

Define paresthesia

A 
Abnormal sensation (itching, tingling, burning)
Ex. Funny bone.
85
Q

What are the attachment points of Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

C2-sacrum
Deep fibers blend with vertebrae and disc
Superficial fibers extend across several vertebrae

86
Q

Describe the dimensions of the ALL

A

Narrow in cervical and wide at the sacrum
Thick midline and thinner laterally
Thicker where it crosses vertebral body

87
Q

What movement does the ALL resist

A

Extension

88
Q

What are the attachments of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

C2-sacrum
Deep fibers attach to disc and body
Superficial fibers extend across several vertebrae

89
Q

Describe dimensions of PLL

A

Wide at C2 and very narrow in lumbosacral region
Thick in cervical and lumbar regions (lordotic curve)
Thick midline, thin laterally

90
Q

What motion does the PLL resist

A

Flexion

91
Q

What part of the vertebral canal is the PLL located int

A

Anterior wall

92
Q

What are the five joints of the thoracic spine

A

Central joint, zygopophyseal joint, costovertebral joint, costotransverse joint, costochondral/sternocostal

93
Q

What does the interosseous costovertebral ligament attach

A

Crest of rib head to IVD, within the synovial joint

Separates joint into superior and inferior portions

94
Q

What does the radiate ligament attach to

A

Three bands attach to each body and IVD

95
Q

What does the interosseous costotransverse ligament attach to

A

Attaches to the neck of rib to base of TP

96
Q

What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament

A

Funicular and lamellar

97
Q

What does the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane attach to

A

Anterior arch of c1 and anterior margin of foramen magnum

98
Q

What does the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane attach to

A

Posterior arch of atlas and posterior border of foramen magnum

99
Q

The vertebral artery pierces what membrane through what opening

A

The arcade foramen of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

100
Q

What does the lateral atlanto-occipital ligament attach to

A

Lateral mass of atlas and the paramastoid process of occiput

101
Q

What would ossify in a posterior ponticulum

A

The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

102
Q

True/false: a persons headache might be a result of nuchal ligament pain

A

True

103
Q

What does the apical ligament attach to

A

Apex of dens to anterior border of foramen magnum,deep to longitudinal part of cruciform ligament

104
Q

True/false: the vertebral artery is paralleled by the c2 nerve

A

False- the vertebral artery is paralleled by the c1 nerve

105
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral costotransverse ligament

A

From tip of TP to costal tubercle (r6>TP6)

106
Q

Superior costotransverse attaches where

A

Neck of rib to TP of vertebral segment above (r6>TP5)

107
Q

Where does the superior iliolumbar ligament attach

A

L4 to iliac crest

108
Q

Where does the inferior iliolumbar ligament attach

A

L5 to iliac crest

109
Q

What does the lumbosacral ligament attach

A

L5 TP to the sacral ala

110
Q

What do the Transforaminal ligaments do

A

Bands that traverse the IVF, they stabilize spinal nn and diminish area of IVF available to spinal nn and vessels.

111
Q

True/false: the plane of the lumbosacral capsular ligaments are in the same plane as zygopophyseal joints

A

False. The lumbosacral capsular ligaments are in the frontal plane instead of sagittal.

111
Q

What is the sacra articular surface lined with

A

Hyaline cartilage

112
Q

What is the iliac articular surface lined with

A

Fibrocartilage

113
Q

How do the sacroiliac joints fits so well together

A

The sacrum has a groove and the ilium has a ridge that fit together tightly

114
Q

True/false: the sacroiliac articular capsule is a true synovial capsule

A

False, the capsule does not extend the full 360 around to the anterior

115
Q

What does the posterior sacroiliac ligament attach

A

Long and short divisions attach PSIS to the intermediate sacral crest

116
Q

What does the interosseous sacroiliac ligament attach

A

Sacral tuberosity to the ilia tuberosity

Short and very strong

117
Q

What are the two “accessory” ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

A

Sacrotuberous ligament- resists forward nodding of base of sacrum
Sacrospinous ligament-

Spinal Anatomy (1 decks)

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