Final Exam Flashcards
What vertebrae are the atypical Lumbar vertebrae?
L5
Which direction to inferior articular facets of L5 face?
Anterior and a little bit lateral
Which lumbar vertebrae has the shortest and widest body?
L5
What is Spondyloschisis?
“Spina Bifida” = incomplete vertebral arch; split at midline
Where is the most common site for Spinda Bifida (spondyloschisis)?
L5
What is spondylolysis?
Separation of pars interarticularis
What is spondylolysthesis?
Displacement of vertebra from normal position
What is lumbarization?
–How many lumbar segments are there with complete lumbarization?
S1 not completely fused to Sacrum
–6 Lumbar segments
What is sacralization?
–How many segments of Lumbar & Sacrum are seen?
Partial or complete fusion of L5 to Cx1
–4 Lumbar and 6 Sacrum segments
What is Tropism?
Asymetry of facet planes (zygapophyseal planes) within a segment
What are the atypical thoracic segments?
T1, T10-12
How many ribs articulate with the body of T1?
4
How many costo-vertebral demi facets are on the body of T1?
- And 2 FULL costo-vertebral facets
How many ribs articulate with the 10th vertebrae?
- 10th rib has 2 costo-vertebral demi facets for 10th rib head, but has no costovertebral facet for the 11th rib.
How many ribs articulate with T11?
- Has Full/Complete costovertebral facets for 11th rib heads
Therefore, ribs 11 articulate only with T11
Does T11 have costotransverse facets on T.P. for rib 11?
No
What direction are inferior articular facets facing for T12?
What plane are they in?
Lateral
Sagittal plane
T12 includes mamillary tubercle, accessory mamillary tubercle, and Lateral tubercle
True
Does T12 have either costovertebral (demi or full) facets for rib 12 OR have costotransverse facet for rib 12?
Has FULL costovertebral facets, but NO costotransverse facets for rib 12
What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?
C1, C2, and C7
Does C1 have pedicles, laminae, or body?
No. Has anterior & posterior arch (in place of laminae and pedicles) posterior tubercle (in place of SP), large L&R lateral masses (in place of body)
What vertebra is the widest vertebra in the neck? What vertebra has the largest vertebral foramen in the vertebral column?
C1 = Atlas
What do superior articular facets of C1 articulate with?
Occipital Condyle
What does anterior facet of dens articulate with?
“ “ inferior “ “ “ “ “ ?
Ant. Facet articulates w/ Fovea Dentalis of C1
Post. Facet articulates w/ Transverse Lig. of Cruciform lig.
What is the strongest & thickest cervical vertebra?
C2
Does C2 have uncinate processes or semi lunar facets?
Does NOT have uncinate processes, but does have semilunar facets (=joint of Luschka)
Is the SP of C7 bifid?
No
Does C7 have uncinate processes or semilunar facets?
HAS uncinate processes but NO semilunar facets
What is occipitalization?
Condition where C1 is partially or completely fused to occiput
What is atlanto-occipital ponticulum?
Narrow bridge of bone connecting C1-occiput
What is carotid tubercle?
Anterior tubercle of TP of C6
What is the sacral canal guarded by?
Sacral cornu
What 3 parts make up sternum?
Manubrium, body, & xiphoid process
Which ribs are true ribs/false ribs/floating ribs?
True ribs = R1-7
False ribs = R8-12
Floating = R11-12
Which ribs are typical ribs?
R2-10
Which are the atypical ribs?
R1, 11-12
What is arthrology?
What is syndesmology?
arthrology = study of joints syndesmology = study of ligaments
What is a synarthrosis
Joint with little, if any movement. Bony edges are very close, may even interlock
What is an amphiarthrosis
Joint that permits slight movement, the bones are farther apart than synarthrosis
What is a diarthrosis
Joint that is freely moveable
Fibrous joint characteristics
Articulating surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous joint characteristics
Articulating surfaces connected by cartilage
Synovial joint characteristics
Articulating surfaces covered by articular cartilage, but not directly connected by tissue. Separated by a joint capsule.
What are the two types of connective tissue form the IVD
Mostly fibrocartilage, but also some hyaline
What is the shape of the IVD in the lumbar and cervical and which curves does it contribute to
Wedge, thin posterior, and thick anterior
Lordotic curve
What are the three parts if the IVD
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Vertebral end plate
Area of annulus fibrosus that is most prone to injury
Posterior lateral, posterior is reinforced by the PLL.
What is the developmental remnant that gives rise to the nucleus pulposus
Embryonic notochord
Made of collagen and mucopolysaccarides
Forces that the IVD can resist
Compressive, tractional, sheering, torsional
What is the innervation of the IVD
Outer Annulus- branches of the spinal aa. And branches of the ventral rami, and sympathetic chain
Nucleus- lacks direct innervation
How much movement is permitted in a synarthrosis joint?
Little, if any movement. Bony edges are very close together and may even interlock
How much movement is permitted in an amphiarthrosis joint?
Slight movement; Bones are usually farther apart than they are at a synarthrosis
How much movement is permitted at a diarthrosis joint?
Wide range of motion. Freely moveable
What are the 2 major types of joints between vertebrae?
Cartilaginous joint (symphysis type) and Synovial (diarthrosis)
Central joints are between most vertebral segments. Which segments are they atypical or absent?
Between Occiput and C1, Sacral segments, and most coccygeal segments
What type of cartilage makes up IVD’s. (intervertebral disks)
Mostly fibrocartilage, a little hyaline cartilage
What are IVD’s classified as?
Ligament
How many total IVD’s are typically seen in a person?
23 (24 if IVD between sacrum & coccyx)
C=6
Th=12
L=5
What is the name of the IVD between C5 and C6?
T2-T3?
L1-L2?
C5 IVD
T2 IVD
L1 IVD
What section of spine are IVD’s largest/smallest? (cross-sectional area)
What section of spine are IVD’s thickest/thinnest?
*cervical, thoracic, lumbar?
- Largest and thickest in lumbar
- Smallest in cervical
- Thinnest in thoracic
In cervical and lumbar vertebrae, are IVD’s thicker anteriorly or posteriorly?
Does it help create kyphotic or lordotic curvature?
Thicker anteriorly (thinner posteriorly) -helps form Lordotic curvature
What are the three parts of the IVD?
Anulus Fibrosus
Nuclues Pulposus
Vertebral End Plates
What is Schmorl’s node?
Where part of a nucleus pulposis is displaced through a vertebral end plage and into an adjacent vertebral body.
Where is the ligamentum flavum found?
What motion does it resist?
C2 - Sacrum
Discontinuous; intersegmental
Helps form posterior wall of vertebral canal
Resists flexion
Which ligament is a homologue of ALL? Where does it extend?
Anterior atlanto-axial ligament
Extends from body of axis to anterior arch of atlas
*limits extension
What ligament is a homologue of the ligamentum flavum?
Where is it found?
What action does is resist?
Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
Present between posterior arch of atlas and laminae of axis
Resists flexion
What does the accessory ligament attach?
Lateral mass of atlas to posterior body of the axis
Limits flexion
What is the name of the joint between the ondontoid process and the fovea dentalis?
Median atlantoaxial joint
*this joint is a pivot joint (trochiod)
What is the homologue of the PLL?
Tectorial membrane
- attaches posterior body of C2 and anterior border of foramen magnum where it also blends with cranial dura mater
- strengthens the cruciate ligament
Which ligament holds dens against posterior facet of anterior arch of atlas?
What are the 2 parts of this ligament?
Cruciform ligament
1) Longitudinal part
2) Transverse part
What does alar ligament attach to?
Medial aspects of each occipital condyle
Which cranial nerve parallels the vertebral artery?
Cranial nerve 1
Which cranial nerve penetrates posterior atlantoaxial ligament?
Cranial nerve 2
What is paresis?
Incomplete or partial control of muscle
What is paralysis?
Total loss of control of muscle
What is paresthesia?
Abnormal sensation; itching, tingling, or burning
Where does the ligamentum flavum attach?
C2-Sacrum; discontinuously from lamina to lamina
Helps form posterior wall of vertebral canal
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
SP of C2 to Sacrum
Discontinuous
Resists flexion
(best developed in lumbar)
What does the supraspinous ligament connect?
SP’s of C7 to median sacral crest
Continuous
*Above C7, becomes funicular part of nuchal ligament in neck
Resists flexion
What are the five joint groups effecting function of thoracic spine?
What ligaments articulate the thoracic spine (common ligaments)
JOINTS = 1) Central joint 2) Zygapophyseal joint 3) Costovertebral joint 4) Costotransverse joint 5) Costochondral & Sternal costal joints
LIGAMENTS include = ALL, PLL, Ligamentum Flavum, Supra Spinous, Interspinous, Intertransverse, Zygapophyseal joint capsules
What type of joint is a zygapophyseal joint?
What plane do facets face?
Synovial joint
Facets in coronal plane
Superior articular facet faces posterior
What type of joint is a costovertebral joint?
Synovial joint
What type of joint is costotransverse joint?
Gliding synovial joint
True or false: a schmorls node is a condition in which the disc bulges laterally
False. Schmorls node is when the nucleus pulposus is displaced through vertebral end plate into a vertebral body
Define Paresis
Incomplete paralysis of a muscle (weakness)
Define paralysis
Total loss of muscle control
Define paresthesia
Abnormal sensation (itching, tingling, burning) Ex. Funny bone.
What are the attachment points of Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
C2-sacrum
Deep fibers blend with vertebrae and disc
Superficial fibers extend across several vertebrae
Describe the dimensions of the ALL
Narrow in cervical and wide at the sacrum
Thick midline and thinner laterally
Thicker where it crosses vertebral body
What movement does the ALL resist
Extension
What are the attachments of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
C2-sacrum
Deep fibers attach to disc and body
Superficial fibers extend across several vertebrae
Describe dimensions of PLL
Wide at C2 and very narrow in lumbosacral region
Thick in cervical and lumbar regions (lordotic curve)
Thick midline, thin laterally
What motion does the PLL resist
Flexion
What part of the vertebral canal is the PLL located int
Anterior wall
What are the five joints of the thoracic spine
Central joint, zygopophyseal joint, costovertebral joint, costotransverse joint, costochondral/sternocostal
What does the interosseous costovertebral ligament attach
Crest of rib head to IVD, within the synovial joint
Separates joint into superior and inferior portions
What does the radiate ligament attach to
Three bands attach to each body and IVD
What does the interosseous costotransverse ligament attach to
Attaches to the neck of rib to base of TP
What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament
Funicular and lamellar
What does the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane attach to
Anterior arch of c1 and anterior margin of foramen magnum
What does the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane attach to
Posterior arch of atlas and posterior border of foramen magnum
The vertebral artery pierces what membrane through what opening
The arcade foramen of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
What does the lateral atlanto-occipital ligament attach to
Lateral mass of atlas and the paramastoid process of occiput
What would ossify in a posterior ponticulum
The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
True/false: a persons headache might be a result of nuchal ligament pain
True
What does the apical ligament attach to
Apex of dens to anterior border of foramen magnum,deep to longitudinal part of cruciform ligament
True/false: the vertebral artery is paralleled by the c2 nerve
False- the vertebral artery is paralleled by the c1 nerve
What are the attachments of the lateral costotransverse ligament
From tip of TP to costal tubercle (r6>TP6)
Superior costotransverse attaches where
Neck of rib to TP of vertebral segment above (r6>TP5)
Where does the superior iliolumbar ligament attach
L4 to iliac crest
Where does the inferior iliolumbar ligament attach
L5 to iliac crest
What does the lumbosacral ligament attach
L5 TP to the sacral ala
What do the Transforaminal ligaments do
Bands that traverse the IVF, they stabilize spinal nn and diminish area of IVF available to spinal nn and vessels.
True/false: the plane of the lumbosacral capsular ligaments are in the same plane as zygopophyseal joints
False. The lumbosacral capsular ligaments are in the frontal plane instead of sagittal.
What is the sacra articular surface lined with
Hyaline cartilage
What is the iliac articular surface lined with
Fibrocartilage
How do the sacroiliac joints fits so well together
The sacrum has a groove and the ilium has a ridge that fit together tightly
True/false: the sacroiliac articular capsule is a true synovial capsule
False, the capsule does not extend the full 360 around to the anterior
What does the posterior sacroiliac ligament attach
Long and short divisions attach PSIS to the intermediate sacral crest
What does the interosseous sacroiliac ligament attach
Sacral tuberosity to the ilia tuberosity
Short and very strong
What are the two “accessory” ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
Sacrotuberous ligament- resists forward nodding of base of sacrum
Sacrospinous ligament-
