Final exam 2 Flashcards
iatros
Greek word for male physician
medicus
Latin/roman word for male physician
What elements of a name indicate Greek vs Roman origin?
If one or two names or a name with Greek elements - person is Greek
If 3 full names with no Greek elements - Roman name, not a slave
Slaves will often have names given to them with a piece of their owner’s name as well as an indication of where they came from.
Ex slaves are sometimes referred to as freedmen or freedwomen - ie ex slave status
iatrine
Greek female physician
We do not know if a female physician was the same or different from being a midwife…
Don’t know if they would treat male patients
medica
Roman/latin female physician
We do not know if a female physician was the same or different from being a midwife…
Don’t know if they would treat male patients
maia
midwife in Greek
Phanostrate Funerary Stele
midwife (maia) and physician (iatros) - caused pain to non, and her death was lamented by all
They used the Greek masculin word for physician… mistake or what?
Who was Hagnodice?
Young woman who wanted to study medicine. Pretended to be a man - went to study with Herophilus (?)
-learned stuff
-woman patients trusted Hagnodice after she revealed she was a woman
- other docs were thinking she was a seducer because she was getting all of the lady patients
(they thought it was even more disgraceful that she was a woman physician that a male physician seducing the patients) - but the women patients defended her.
Law was revised so that freeborn women could now learn medicine.
obstetrix
roman word for midwife
‘the one who stands before’
Tomb of Scribonia Attica
Scribonia - obstetrix
Marcus - medicus
Scribonia depicted in front of the birthing woman
nutrix lactaria
a wet nurse that would provide milk to an infant
There was no concept of nurses at this time like the ones there are today
nutrix (assa)
dry nurse (child past the breast feeding stage)
There was no concept of nurses at this time like the ones there are today
hospes
guest houses that cared for sick and tired travellers
hospes = guest, host, stranger
where the word for hospital comes from
Roman valetudinaria
infirmiries that took care of special groups (ie. slaves, gladiators, soldiers)
- groups of people who had been invested in - want something to take care of the investments
evidence for 25 of these along the front line of the Roman Empire
- appears to be some hierarchy of medical staff
with about 5000 people at each, chances are some people would be ill at any given time - place to care for that and injuries too
FOundations of the first hospitals
closely related to the rise of Christianity
- caring for the poor and sick
Constantine - first emperor to embrace Christianity fully
due to:
- public legitimization of the church’s increasing wealth
- political manoevering by christian clerics - ie. labelling as ‘looking after the most vulernable’
-or a combination of these factors.
Constantine
first emperor to embrace Christianity fully
- thought it would bring the Roman Empire military success
xenodocheion
greek word - kind of hospital
‘reception place for strangers’
These emerged ~350 CE
mostly spread in the Eastern empire
When was there a cultural split and what was this split?
By the end of the 3rd century - 294 BCE
- largely Greek-speaking Eastern Empire (hospitals), Constantinople
- largely Latin speaking Western Empire (Rome)
Funding of hospitals?
- some endowments by wealthy idvls seeking absolution or for philanthropic reasons
-some ‘hospitals’ combined with Christian monasteries/nuneries and/or orphanages.
First evidence for something that we would recognize today as moreso being a hospital
7th century CE in the Islamic world –> Bimaristun - no relationship with religion
-staffed by medical people, wards for different genders and different ailments (ie much better job at looking after the sick now compared to monks and nuns providing minimal care like before)
Was Soranus’ Gynaeclogy work illustrated?
We do not know. Mustio’s is
This is his most famous work and its on = Gynaikeia (womens things) - incl. pregnancy, woman’s ailments, and childcare, female anatomy, role of the obstetrix and wet nurse, etc
(nutrix)
How do Soranus’ thoughts about women debunk some Hippocratic ideas?
-S says that men and women are actually not all that different, they suffer from the same diseases and are the same at a basic level (same flesh)
- S says that the womb is not an animal that moves according to scent (does NOT move around the body, although it may shift)
- S says that permanent virginity is better for a woman than intercourse, pregnancy and birth.
(the answer to womans problems in the H corpus –> marriage, sex, kids). But S also recognizes that having children is necessary to perpetuate humans.
Women in Rome vs Rome in older greek world
ROman empire womens had many more freedoms than women in the Greek world
- no voting or being politician or military
BUT
-could own and inherit property and goods
-business women, borrow and lend money at will
-bring action to court and speak on their own behalf, be a witness
-use their wealth to support political candidates, make public benefactions
- enjoy the same social life as men!
After Galen in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire
largely greek speaking
medical encylopaedias were compiled, without really much advance or new theory
Three important compilers:
Oribasius of Pergamum
Aetius of Amida
Paul of Aegina
A number of Galen and Hippocrates’ books were compiled as labeled as the medical texts that needed to be studied as a prospective physician
Standard medical curriculum after Galen in East Roman Empire
H and G works, some philosophy, emphasis on theory
Alexandria re-emerged as the top medical school
16 books - based on a form of Hippocrates and Galen
Latin-speaking Western Empire After Galen
Medical school emerged briefly in North Africa area
Some new works emerged, written in Latin
Some greek texts translated to Latin but few
Emphasis on practical texts. There was some Soranus but virtually no Galen or Hippocrates
We have the works of:
Helvius Vindicianus
Theodorus Priscianus
Caelius Aurelianus
Cassius Felix
Mustio
catharsis
mentruation
contraceptive vs abortive vs expulsive
Expulsive - a physical movement abortive - ie shaking, leaping
pica/carcissa
Something that Soranus observed - phenomenon where pregnant people want to eat things with zero nutritional value
podalic version
Putting the hand in to turn the fetus, turn to a feet first position which was the second best position at the time
embryulcia
physician draws the fetus out with a hook
normally the physician wouldn’t be present according to Soranus (in normal births)
however when need surgical procedure… call in the physician
embyotomy
cutting the fetus up inside the mom and then putting it back together to ensure none was left inside (cause infection)
What was Mustio’s version of Soranus’ work called?
Gynaecia
He translates the work into Latin and rewords it.
He makes the work more accessible and an easier to understand source of information
ie. uses words familiar to women, acknowledges that women may be listening rather than reading too
Add question and answer method (novel)
Creates annotated diagrams
First time we see a text specifically made for women
patron
almost everyone in Rome had a patron
they are a kind of ‘guarantor’ of a person
Galen’s: Titus Flavius Boethus
Galen of Pergamum
129 - 210 CE
the most influential of all physicians in antiquity
10-15% of all existing Greek writings from antiquity are Galen’s
worked at a gladiator school
patron: Titus Flavius Boethus
Who saw the heart vs the head as the seat of intellect?
heart - Praxagorus, Aristotle
head/brain - Alcmaeon, Hippocrates, Plato, Herophilus
Praxagoras thoughts with humors and vessels?
11 humor theory
pneuma in arteries
blood in veins
arteries got smaller and turned to neura
psychic pneuma between heart and brain - blockage leads to epilepsy
Praxagorus was a teacher of
Herophilus
Which physicians tailored treatment according to the idvl?
Galen
Diocles
Which of the Hippocratic texts come from the Cnidian vs the Coan school according to the general assumption?
Superior texts - Coan
Inferior texts - Cnidian
rivalry between these schools and then these schools and the Silician ‘school’ (Italian doctors)
Who founded the Dogmatist sect?
Polybus, the son-in-law of Hippocrates
Who founded the Empiricist sect?
Philinus of Cos (student of Herophilus)
Later popularized by Serapion of Alexandria
Asclepiades of Bithynia
1st century bCE (Greek medicine imported to Rome)
Proposed a new model for health and disease: it depended on the idea of motion and flow of clumps of matter within the body
HIs student: Themison, further modified the theory and founded the Methodist Sect
Themison of Laodicea
Founded the Methodist Sect
A revision of his teacher’s (Asclepiades) theory regarding the idea of motion and flow of clumps of matter within the body
Treating constricted things….
Methodist - Status Strictus
Humid air, warm baths, reduced food, bleeding, medications that promote evacuations
Treatment of Status lactus
Treating things that are too loose
Cold baths, cold air, more food intake, medications that have styptic qualities
Treatment of Status Mixus
Treatment when there is constriction and relaxation in different parts of the body
Treat the most severe condition first.
Mos maiorum
Ways of the ancestors
Roman idea
3 Greek physicans who practiced in the Roman world
Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus
Aretaeus of Cappadocia
Soranus of Ephesus
Materia Medica
A work arranged into 5 books
Pharmacopeia (drug-making book)
by Dioscorides
incl. plant, animal, mineral materials
Lists and describes over 700 items and 2000+ recipes/formulas
Arranged according to their natural properties: binding/loosening, staunching/dispersing, softening/hardening, flatulence causing/relieving.
This makes it easier to remember and also easier to find substitutes.
Not sure if it was illustrated. Copies that we have are illustrated. Most famous - Vienna Dioscorides. (after Constantinople)
Admired by and influenced Galen’s works
primary pharmacological text until end of the 15th century
Aristotle’s views
3 ventricles in the brain
systemic dissections - animals anatomy
distinguished the cerebellum from cerebrum
Thought the heart was the seat of intellect and that the brain served as a sort of refrigerator to cool down the heat of the blood
big on innate heat
taberna medica
medical shop/medical business
House of the Surgeon
at Pompeii
LArge house that had many medical instruments and surely had the space to be a surgery but we don’t have evidence that there was a surgery here or even that a surgeon lived there
Upscale house, private dwelling
secular
denoting something as not related to religion
who were the co-emperors
Marcus Aurelius and Lucias Verus
Marcus Aurelius blamed the plague on
Blamed Christians for the plague - to turn pagans against them
But instead pagans turned towards the Christian religion. ideas of caring for the sick and the promise of an afterlife in heaven
- created the basis for as to how Christianity emerged as the sole, official religion of the empire.
theriac
originally devised a poison antedote - then became like a cure all
Marcus Aurleus really promoted this - maybe he was a drug addict as there was some opium in here.
Of course each physician had to havw their own special recipe. Galen’s had 77 ingredients
What are the 3 main themes of Galen’s books?
Medical, philosophical, philological
Some written for friends, for specialists, for beginners (diff audiences)
hygiene and therapeutics - Galen
Hygiene - regarding the maintenance of health
therapeutics - to modify the condition of the body
What are the four natural faculties that Galen thought every living being had?
attraction, assimilation, growth, excretion
Galen’s cardiovascular system
tripartite system that is not closed. It implies that blood is constantly being regenerated at the liver. One way system….
He says that blood is in both in the arteries and the veins but that pneuma is also in the arteries
arterial - blood travels through pores in the heart and pneuma is added in at the lungs - arteries carry blood charged with pneuma around the body
venous - liver concocts nutritious blood from the food in the stomach into the veins which then carry it around the body
neural - arterial blood reaches the brain where it is refined into psychic pneuma which is then distributed around the body in nerves and this is what is responsible for consciousness, sensation and movement
