Final exam 2 Flashcards
Sleep
Not wake
Wake = eating, drinking, thinking, exercise , etc
Complex state with many distinct parts
Typically quality and quantity of sleep decreases as you age
What waves are predominant while awake with mental activity?
Beta
Low voltage, high frequency
What waves are predominant with relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed?
alpha waves
bit bigger amplitude, lower frequency
Sign that the membrane potentials of cortical neurons are becoming more synchronized.
What is slow wave sleep?
Non-REM sleep
N-sleep
EEG activity has increasing amplitude and decreasing frequency.
3-4 ish stages - changes on EEG throughout
What is paradoxical sleep?
REM sleep R - sleep
- occurs with dreaming
- wake-like EEG
How do the waves through N-sleep progress?
Low amp, high frequ to high amp, low frequ
Stage N1
Transition from wake into sleep
Lasts several minutes
Low amp, mixed frequ
Includes some theta waves!
N2 Stage
EEG gets a little slower and higher amplitude
Also shows sleep spindles and K complexes
Sleep spindles - high frequ waves
K -complexes - very high amplitude
Sleep spindles
Very high frequency portion on an EEG
found in N2
K complex
Very high amplitude waves on EEG
Found in E2
Stage N3+4
Deep sleep
Slow wave sleep (in humans)
high amplitude, low frequency (delta waves)
REM SLEEP
low amplitude, high frequency on the EEG
Resembles the EEG of a wake person
rapid eye movements
Dreams!
Muscle atonia - reduced muscle tone
antigravity muscles turn off (reflexes turn off)
Some muscle movements - eye muscles, muscles in the ears, diaphragm
Some twitching in postural muscles
Dreaming in N3?
Little dreaming, lack of content, vague images moreso
Night terrors (parasomnia) occur in this stage - wake up in a panic attack
Dreaming in REM
Rich dreams that occur in real time
Night mares occur here
More frequent and longer dreams as the night progresses
Part of encoding is impaired during dreaming so dreams are hard to remember the next day
Why?
Random activity?
Protect the cortex?
Asymmetrical sleep
Unihemispheric slow wave sleep
EEG slows slow wave on one side but wake on the other
Eye corresponding to the slow wave sleep side is closed while the other remains open
suggests that sleep serves some essential function
What does NREM sleep seem to be most important for for memory storage?
Explicit/declarative memories
ex. word learning in humans
What does REM sleep seem to be most important for for memory storage?
Implicit, non-declarative memories
ex. visual search task in humans
Explicit memory
Declarative
Conscious recollection of factual information, previous experience, personal experience
Implicit memory
Non-declarative
Unconscious/automatic memories
Influenced by learned past experiences
Does adenosine promote wake or sleep?
Facilitates sleep
Wake promoting systems
ACh produced from RAS or basal forebrain
5HT from Raphne Nuclei
NE from locus coeruleus
tubermammilary nucleus produce histamine
Orexin
Ventrolateral preoptic area( VLPO)
of the hypothalamus releases GABA (inhibitory NT)
this INHIBITS activity of wake promoting regions
PROMOTES SLEEP
Melatonin
Sleep hormone
Derived from 5HT
Secreted by the pineal gland
Highest levels during night
ADenosine binding in brain
Promotes sleep!
caffeine blocks adenosine binding - promotes wake!
Circannual biological rhythm
Occur every year (bird migration)
Infradian biological rhythm
24hrs<infradian<1 year
ie menstrual cycle
Circadian biological rhythm
circa = approx
approx 1 day
ie human sleep cycles
Ultradian biological rhythm
less than 24 hours. human eating cycles
Free-running activity
The activity of an organism in the absense of environmental cues
studied with an actogram
Endogenous behaviour
A behaviour is endogenous (has an internal origin) if the behaviour continues to show every day independently of its external environmentq
entrainment
alignment of the internal biological clock to external time cues
Edison’s Curse
The light bulb has caused people to be active at times of the day when we normally wouldnt be
Shift workers working at times when the body would normally be sleeping
rotating shift workers constantly jumping to new shifts
Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN)
THe master clock in mammals
It is a small nucleus located in the hypothalamus
Very close to where the optic tract is
- sensitive to light!
neurons within the nucleus are rhythmic on their own - suggests that the clock rhythm is instrinsically regulated
How do the eyes input to the SCN?
Photoreceptive retinal ganglion
- contain melanopsin - sensitive to blue light but also get input from classic photoreceptors
-cover a wide area of the retina
Genes involved in the SCN regulation
PER , CRY, CLOCK, BMAL
24 hours for the loop
Gene activated then mRNA produced then protein produced then protein feedsback into the nucleus and turns off its own transcription
This takes about 24 hours
Period 2 gene Mutation
Human clock gene mutation that is associated with advance sleep phase syndrome
- Fall asleep earlier and wake up earlier
Period 3 gene mutation
hUMAN clock gene mutation that is associated with delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD; night owls) - fall asleep much later than normal. and because society forces you to wake up early, you dont get enough sleep
cRY1 MUTATION
associated with a delayed sleep phase disorder as well. Just like the period 3 mutation
Learning
A change in an organism’s behaviour as a result of experience
Memory
The ability to recall or recognize previous experience
memory trace
A mental representation of a previous experience
Corresponds to a physical change in the brain, most likely involving synapses and ion channels
What kinds of memories decline with age?
Working memory and long term memory, speed of processing all decline with age
World knowledge stays relatively constant
Reflex
Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
Non-associative learning
Changes in behaviour toward a stimulus in the absence of any apparent associated stimulus or event (habituation, sensitization)
Don’t associate with anything but learning does occur
Associative learning
A type of behavioural learning
Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
Social learning
A type of behavioural learning
New behaviours can be acquired by observing and imitating others (observational learning)
Behaviour learning
Theory that behaviour can be changed or learned through reinforcement, either positive or negative, by the introduction of a stimulus
Classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning - learning through association
Explain the development of phobias
operant conditioning
Learning through consequence
also called instrumental conditioning
Thorndike and Skinner
Consequence of a particular behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
Observational learning
Learning through observation
Acquisition and later performance of behaviours demonstrated by others
4 stages required
Attention, retention, production process and motivation
attention - pay attention to the person doing to behaviour
retention - remeber
production process - ability to perform the actions we observe
motivation - our need for the actions we witness - the usefulness to us
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UCR)
ie. food is an UCS because it triggers salivating (an UCR)
Unconditioned response
The unlearned, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
An originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Same as the unconditioned response but the response occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus (neutral) rather than the unconditioned stimulus
What are the types of implicit memory?
aka unconscious, non-declarative
-procedural
-associative
-non-associative
-priming
REM sleep is important for forming implicit memories
What are the types of explicit memory?
Conscious (declarative) memory
Intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
What are the types of explicit memory?
Conscious (declarative) memory
Intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
Episodic (personal firsthand experiences/events)
Semantic (facts, concepts)
NREM sleep is important for creating explicit memories
Emotional memory
Memory for events that evoke an emotional response
Can be implicit or explicit
What part of the brain does the short-term memory involve?
The frontal lobes
No single place, however, in the NS can be identifies as the location of memory and learning - several!
What part of the brain does the long-term memory involve?
Temporal lobes
No single place, however, in the NS can be identifies as the location of memory and learning - several!
How is the prefrontal cortex involved in memory?
Central to maintaining temporary (short-term) explicit memories as well as memory for the recency of explicit events
How are implicit memories encoded?
IN A BOTTUM UP MANNER
IT IS ENCODED IN THE SAME WAY THAT IT WAS RECEIVED
separate from the limbic system structures (hypothal, hippocampus, amygdala)
How are explicit memories encoded?
Explicit memories are processed in a TOP -DOWN or conceptually driven manner
Information is reorganized before it is encoded
Active role of a person
What are the primary brain structures involved in explicit memory?
Medial temporal region (hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex)
Frontal cortex
There are reciprocal connections between these areas
Parahippocampal cortex
part of the neural circuit for explicit memories
-receives connections from the parietal cortex
- believed to take part in visuospatial processing
Perirhinal cortex
Part of the neural circuit for explicit memories
- receives connections from the visual regions of the ventral stream
-believed to take part in visual object memory
Entorhinal cortex
Part of the neural circuit for explicit memories
-received projections from the neocortex, para-hippocampal and perirhinal cortices
-integrative function: first area to show cell death in Alzheimer’s
What brain structure consolidates (stabilizes) new explicit memories?
The hippocampus
What is reconsolidation?
Restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited
Whenever a memory is replayed in the mind, it is open to further consolidation
new info is constantly being integrated into existing memory networks
Possible to erase negative memories by using amnesic agents when the memory is revisited
Brain areas involved in Emotional memory
Amygdala
Medial temporal cortex (explicit memory)
brainstem (autonomic processes)
hypothalamus (hormone release)
periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter - pain
basal ganglia (implicit memory)
Where are new neurons synthesuzed in the brain?>
Olfactory bulb, hippocampal formation, possibly the neocortex
What structure is the primary auditory cortex found within?
Heschl’s Gyrus
Primary auditory cortex is bigger on the right side of the brain`
Dr. Pepper (DP)
Dorsal stream in the AUDITORY PATHWAY is the primary auditory cortex to the posterior parietal cortex (where)
Ventral steam is to further temporal lobe areas *what)
Prefrontal cortex
Plans movements
It gets help from the supplemental cortex
Supplementary motor area
planning movement based on memory
Implicit, rehearsal memory (automatic, unconscious)
Premotor area
Produces complex sequence of movements
Coordinates simultaneous movements
Doesn’t specify the precise details of the action
phasic
Fast adapting
Pacianian
Meissners
tonic
slow adapting - Merkels
Ruffinis
Focussing
Involves the cingulate cortex
Posterior parietal cortex
MR. PC
Mister Presidents Choice
M cells project from RODS
P cells project from CONES
