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NEUR 321 > Final exam 2 > Flashcards

Final exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep

A

Not wake
Wake = eating, drinking, thinking, exercise , etc
Complex state with many distinct parts
Typically quality and quantity of sleep decreases as you age

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2
Q

What waves are predominant while awake with mental activity?

A

Beta
Low voltage, high frequency

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3
Q

What waves are predominant with relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed?

A

alpha waves
bit bigger amplitude, lower frequency
Sign that the membrane potentials of cortical neurons are becoming more synchronized.

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4
Q

What is slow wave sleep?

A

Non-REM sleep
N-sleep
EEG activity has increasing amplitude and decreasing frequency.
3-4 ish stages - changes on EEG throughout

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5
Q

What is paradoxical sleep?

A

REM sleep R - sleep
- occurs with dreaming
- wake-like EEG

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6
Q

How do the waves through N-sleep progress?

A

Low amp, high frequ to high amp, low frequ

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7
Q

Stage N1

A

Transition from wake into sleep
Lasts several minutes
Low amp, mixed frequ
Includes some theta waves!

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8
Q

N2 Stage

A

EEG gets a little slower and higher amplitude
Also shows sleep spindles and K complexes
Sleep spindles - high frequ waves
K -complexes - very high amplitude

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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Very high frequency portion on an EEG
found in N2

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10
Q

K complex

A

Very high amplitude waves on EEG
Found in E2

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11
Q

Stage N3+4

A

Deep sleep
Slow wave sleep (in humans)
high amplitude, low frequency (delta waves)

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12
Q

REM SLEEP

A

low amplitude, high frequency on the EEG
Resembles the EEG of a wake person
rapid eye movements
Dreams!
Muscle atonia - reduced muscle tone
antigravity muscles turn off (reflexes turn off)
Some muscle movements - eye muscles, muscles in the ears, diaphragm
Some twitching in postural muscles

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13
Q

Dreaming in N3?

A

Little dreaming, lack of content, vague images moreso
Night terrors (parasomnia) occur in this stage - wake up in a panic attack

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14
Q

Dreaming in REM

A

Rich dreams that occur in real time
Night mares occur here
More frequent and longer dreams as the night progresses
Part of encoding is impaired during dreaming so dreams are hard to remember the next day

Why?
Random activity?
Protect the cortex?

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15
Q

Asymmetrical sleep

A

Unihemispheric slow wave sleep
EEG slows slow wave on one side but wake on the other
Eye corresponding to the slow wave sleep side is closed while the other remains open
suggests that sleep serves some essential function

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16
Q

What does NREM sleep seem to be most important for for memory storage?

A

Explicit/declarative memories
ex. word learning in humans

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17
Q

What does REM sleep seem to be most important for for memory storage?

A

Implicit, non-declarative memories
ex. visual search task in humans

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18
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative
Conscious recollection of factual information, previous experience, personal experience

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19
Q

Implicit memory

A

Non-declarative
Unconscious/automatic memories
Influenced by learned past experiences

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20
Q

Does adenosine promote wake or sleep?

A

Facilitates sleep

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21
Q

Wake promoting systems

A

ACh produced from RAS or basal forebrain
5HT from Raphne Nuclei
NE from locus coeruleus
tubermammilary nucleus produce histamine
Orexin

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22
Q

Ventrolateral preoptic area( VLPO)

A

of the hypothalamus releases GABA (inhibitory NT)
this INHIBITS activity of wake promoting regions
PROMOTES SLEEP

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23
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleep hormone
Derived from 5HT
Secreted by the pineal gland
Highest levels during night

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24
Q

ADenosine binding in brain

A

Promotes sleep!
caffeine blocks adenosine binding - promotes wake!

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25
Q

Circannual biological rhythm

A

Occur every year (bird migration)

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26
Q

Infradian biological rhythm

A

24hrs<infradian<1 year
ie menstrual cycle

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27
Q

Circadian biological rhythm

A

circa = approx
approx 1 day
ie human sleep cycles

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28
Q

Ultradian biological rhythm

A

less than 24 hours. human eating cycles

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29
Q

Free-running activity

A

The activity of an organism in the absense of environmental cues
studied with an actogram

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30
Q

Endogenous behaviour

A

A behaviour is endogenous (has an internal origin) if the behaviour continues to show every day independently of its external environmentq

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31
Q

entrainment

A

alignment of the internal biological clock to external time cues

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32
Q

Edison’s Curse

A

The light bulb has caused people to be active at times of the day when we normally wouldnt be
Shift workers working at times when the body would normally be sleeping
rotating shift workers constantly jumping to new shifts

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33
Q

Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN)

A

THe master clock in mammals
It is a small nucleus located in the hypothalamus
Very close to where the optic tract is
- sensitive to light!
neurons within the nucleus are rhythmic on their own - suggests that the clock rhythm is instrinsically regulated

34
Q

How do the eyes input to the SCN?

A

Photoreceptive retinal ganglion
- contain melanopsin - sensitive to blue light but also get input from classic photoreceptors
-cover a wide area of the retina

35
Q

Genes involved in the SCN regulation

A

PER , CRY, CLOCK, BMAL
24 hours for the loop

Gene activated then mRNA produced then protein produced then protein feedsback into the nucleus and turns off its own transcription
This takes about 24 hours

36
Q

Period 2 gene Mutation

A

Human clock gene mutation that is associated with advance sleep phase syndrome
- Fall asleep earlier and wake up earlier

37
Q

Period 3 gene mutation

A

hUMAN clock gene mutation that is associated with delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD; night owls) - fall asleep much later than normal. and because society forces you to wake up early, you dont get enough sleep

38
Q

cRY1 MUTATION

A

associated with a delayed sleep phase disorder as well. Just like the period 3 mutation

39
Q

Learning

A

A change in an organism’s behaviour as a result of experience

40
Q

Memory

A

The ability to recall or recognize previous experience

41
Q

memory trace

A

A mental representation of a previous experience
Corresponds to a physical change in the brain, most likely involving synapses and ion channels

42
Q

What kinds of memories decline with age?

A

Working memory and long term memory, speed of processing all decline with age

World knowledge stays relatively constant

43
Q

Reflex

A

Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

44
Q

Non-associative learning

A

Changes in behaviour toward a stimulus in the absence of any apparent associated stimulus or event (habituation, sensitization)

Don’t associate with anything but learning does occur

45
Q

Associative learning

A

A type of behavioural learning
Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

46
Q

Social learning

A

A type of behavioural learning

New behaviours can be acquired by observing and imitating others (observational learning)

47
Q

Behaviour learning

A

Theory that behaviour can be changed or learned through reinforcement, either positive or negative, by the introduction of a stimulus

48
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian conditioning - learning through association

Explain the development of phobias

49
Q

operant conditioning

A

Learning through consequence
also called instrumental conditioning
Thorndike and Skinner
Consequence of a particular behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

50
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning through observation
Acquisition and later performance of behaviours demonstrated by others

4 stages required
Attention, retention, production process and motivation

attention - pay attention to the person doing to behaviour
retention - remeber
production process - ability to perform the actions we observe
motivation - our need for the actions we witness - the usefulness to us

51
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UCR)
ie. food is an UCS because it triggers salivating (an UCR)

52
Q

Unconditioned response

A

The unlearned, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus

53
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

An originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus

54
Q

Conditioned response

A

Same as the unconditioned response but the response occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus (neutral) rather than the unconditioned stimulus

55
Q

What are the types of implicit memory?

A

aka unconscious, non-declarative
-procedural
-associative
-non-associative
-priming

REM sleep is important for forming implicit memories

56
Q

What are the types of explicit memory?

A

Conscious (declarative) memory
Intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts

56
Q

What are the types of explicit memory?

A

Conscious (declarative) memory
Intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts

Episodic (personal firsthand experiences/events)
Semantic (facts, concepts)

NREM sleep is important for creating explicit memories

57
Q

Emotional memory

A

Memory for events that evoke an emotional response
Can be implicit or explicit

58
Q

What part of the brain does the short-term memory involve?

A

The frontal lobes

No single place, however, in the NS can be identifies as the location of memory and learning - several!

59
Q

What part of the brain does the long-term memory involve?

A

Temporal lobes

No single place, however, in the NS can be identifies as the location of memory and learning - several!

60
Q

How is the prefrontal cortex involved in memory?

A

Central to maintaining temporary (short-term) explicit memories as well as memory for the recency of explicit events

61
Q

How are implicit memories encoded?

A

IN A BOTTUM UP MANNER
IT IS ENCODED IN THE SAME WAY THAT IT WAS RECEIVED

separate from the limbic system structures (hypothal, hippocampus, amygdala)

62
Q

How are explicit memories encoded?

A

Explicit memories are processed in a TOP -DOWN or conceptually driven manner
Information is reorganized before it is encoded
Active role of a person

63
Q

What are the primary brain structures involved in explicit memory?

A

Medial temporal region (hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex)
Frontal cortex

There are reciprocal connections between these areas

64
Q

Parahippocampal cortex

A

part of the neural circuit for explicit memories
-receives connections from the parietal cortex
- believed to take part in visuospatial processing

65
Q

Perirhinal cortex

A

Part of the neural circuit for explicit memories
- receives connections from the visual regions of the ventral stream
-believed to take part in visual object memory

66
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Part of the neural circuit for explicit memories
-received projections from the neocortex, para-hippocampal and perirhinal cortices
-integrative function: first area to show cell death in Alzheimer’s

67
Q

What brain structure consolidates (stabilizes) new explicit memories?

A

The hippocampus

68
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited
Whenever a memory is replayed in the mind, it is open to further consolidation
new info is constantly being integrated into existing memory networks

Possible to erase negative memories by using amnesic agents when the memory is revisited

69
Q

Brain areas involved in Emotional memory

A

Amygdala
Medial temporal cortex (explicit memory)
brainstem (autonomic processes)
hypothalamus (hormone release)
periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter - pain
basal ganglia (implicit memory)

70
Q

Where are new neurons synthesuzed in the brain?>

A

Olfactory bulb, hippocampal formation, possibly the neocortex

71
Q

What structure is the primary auditory cortex found within?

A

Heschl’s Gyrus

Primary auditory cortex is bigger on the right side of the brain`

72
Q

Dr. Pepper (DP)

A

Dorsal stream in the AUDITORY PATHWAY is the primary auditory cortex to the posterior parietal cortex (where)

Ventral steam is to further temporal lobe areas *what)

73
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Plans movements
It gets help from the supplemental cortex

74
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

planning movement based on memory
Implicit, rehearsal memory (automatic, unconscious)

75
Q

Premotor area

A

Produces complex sequence of movements
Coordinates simultaneous movements
Doesn’t specify the precise details of the action

76
Q

phasic

A

Fast adapting
Pacianian
Meissners

77
Q

tonic

A

slow adapting - Merkels
Ruffinis

78
Q

Focussing

A

Involves the cingulate cortex
Posterior parietal cortex

79
Q

MR. PC
Mister Presidents Choice

A

M cells project from RODS
P cells project from CONES

NEUR 321 (6 decks)

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