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Honors Biology I > Final Exam 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is an organism’s genetic makeup, while phenotype is an organism’s appearance.

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2
Q

Who is the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

What is probability?

A

The likelihood that a specific event will occur

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4
Q

What is a Punnett Square?

A

A diagram to ait them in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring

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5
Q

How do you set up a monohybrid cross?

A

You set up a monohybrid cross using 4 squares (each parent receives 2 for each allele of its genotype) as only one characteristic is tracked

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6
Q

How do you set up a dihybrid cross?

A

You set up a dihybrid cross with 16 squares (each parent receives 4 for the different combinations of their alleles) as two characteristics are being tracked

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7
Q

What are the structural components of a DNA molecule?

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases like adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

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8
Q

Name the bases of a DNA molecule

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

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9
Q

Which bases pair with one another in a DNA molecule?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine (A=T), and cytosine pairs with guanine (C=G)

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10
Q

Name the bases of a RNA molecule

A

Adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

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11
Q

Which bases pair with one another in a RNA molecule?

A

Adenine pairs with uracil (A=U), and cytosine pairs with guanine (C=G)

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12
Q

Name the scientists involved in the discovery of the DNA molecule

A

Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Martha Chase, Alfred Hershey, James Watson, Francis Clark, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, and Erwin Chargaff

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13
Q

What did Frederick Griffith do?

A

He used virulent and nonvirulent bacterial cells to show how hereditary material can pass from cell to cell.

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14
Q

What did Oswald Avery conclude?

A

He concluded that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.

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15
Q

What did Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey conclude?

A

They concluded that DNA is the hereditary molecule in virus, not proteins.

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16
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Clark do?

A

They proposed the structure of DNA makes a double helix as they used other scientists’ work to build their model.

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17
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

A

She used her X-ray diffraction photo of DNA to help reveal the characteristic shape of a double helix.

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18
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

The base pairing rules that A=T and C=G.

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19
Q

What are the three different types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

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20
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA is a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein, or carries the genetic “message: from DNA in nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol.

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21
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein.

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22
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA is part of the structure of ribosomes.

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23
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are made of rRNAs and proteins and are the organelles in the cell where protein synthesis occurs.

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24
Q

How do you use the Genetic Code to decode mRNA to amino acids?

A

The three adjacent nucleotides (a codon) in mRNA specify an amino acid in a polypeptide. Codons and amino acids encode most organisms.

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25
Q

What are the numbers associated with the Human Genome?

A

Biologists discovered the order of 3.2 billion base pairs in the 23 human chromosomes. There is approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome.

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26
Q

What are the levels of Ecological Organization?

A

An organism, a population, a community, an ecosystem, and a biosphere.

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27
Q

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A

A food chain is a single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. A food web is the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem.

28
Q

How do trophic levels change as you move up or down?

A

10 percent of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incorporated into the organisms in the next.

29
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? (Soil wise)

A

PS has soil that is not initially present. SS has soil that is already present.

30
Q

What are developed countries?

A

Modern, industrialized countries in which people are generally better educated, healthier, and live longer than those in developing countries.

31
Q

What are developing countries?

A

A society which is less modern and less industrialized and inhabitants are generally poorer than those in developed countries.

32
Q

What are the different species interactions?

A

Predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.

33
Q

What is an estuary?

A

An estuary occurs where freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea.

34
Q

Why is an estuary an important ecosystem?

A

The shallow water receives plenty of light and the rivers deposit large amounts of mineral nutrients. As well, they are very rich in species and they serve as stopovers and nurseries for terrestrial and marine organisms.

35
Q

What is a wetland?

A

An area of land that is covered with freshwater for at least part of the year.

36
Q

What are the two main freshwater wetlands?

A

Marshes and swamps.

37
Q

Why are wetlands important?

A

Wetlands are the most productive freshwater ecosystem as they are important stopovers for migratory birds, provide protection for spawning organisms, important to people economically and environmentally, and they as as filters to clean pollution out of the water flowing through them. They act as flood control when they absorb large quantities of water.

38
Q

What are the Earth’s layers?

A

The geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.

39
Q

What is the geosphere?

A

Earth’s rock interior that extends from the molten center of the planet’s core to the solid surface of its crust.

40
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

Above the geosphere, the portion of Earth that is water (all oceans, lakes, and rivers).

41
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

Above the hydrosphere, where the mixture of gases surround the Earth.

42
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

Living organisms that exist in each of the three spheres relating to the name meaning the part of Earth where life exists.

43
Q

What is ozone?

A

Ozone (O3) is a naturally occurring gas that is vital to life on Earth.

44
Q

Why is ozone an important molecule?

A

It is apart of the ozone layer that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation before it reaches Earth’s surface.

45
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in.

46
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

The atmospheric gases that contribute to the effect.

47
Q

How are greenhouse gases increased in the atmosphere?

A

Additional CO2 enters the atmosphere when organic matter is burned. Humans are increasing the burning of organic matter in the form of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, and petroleum.

48
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of forms of life in an area.

49
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of unique species within an area.

50
Q

What is species evenness?

A

The relative number of individuals of each species in an area.

51
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The amount of variation in the genetic material of all numbers in a population.

52
Q

What are the relative numbers for different groups of organisms?

A

There are many more species of insects and plants than there are species of mammals.

53
Q

What is the importance of CFCs?

A

CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, are human-made chemicals that contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer as they act as catalysts for reactions that break down ozone. One CFC molecule can help destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules.

54
Q

What is biological magnification?

A

A process in which chemicals become more concentrated in an organism the higher on a food chain that organism is.

55
Q

How does biological magnification accumulate in organisms?

A

DDT enters the water through groundwater and runoff from land. DDT is stored in primary producers, such as algae. The DDT passes up the food chain to bigger predators. DDT accumulates in fatty tissue and its concentration increases as it moves up the food chain. DDT can reach levels that cause the production of thin eggshells and leads to the death of offspring in predatory birds.

56
Q

Darwin drew ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on which island chain?

A

The Galapagos Islands

57
Q

The species of finches that Darwin observed differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, all of these species probably____

A

Had a common ancestor.

58
Q

The process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment is known as?

A

An adaptation.

59
Q

According to Darwin, evolution occurs become of what/

A

Because of natural selection.

60
Q

The major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of Species was that ____

A

Species change over time by natural selection.

61
Q

The science of classifying living things is called what?

A

Taxonomy.

62
Q

The organism Quercus phellos is a member of the genus ____

A

Quercus.

63
Q

Poison ivy is also known as Rhus toxicodendron. Its species identifier is ____

A

Toxicodendron.

64
Q

In which language are scientific names written?

A

Latin

65
Q

Today, biologists classify organisms by their what?

A

Physical similarities, chemical similarities, and behavioral similarities.

66
Q

Which of the following is (are) used in systematic taxonomy to classify organisms? Patterns of embryological development, homologous features, amino acid sequences of proteins, or all of the above.

A

All of the above.

67
Q

The kingdom defined as including any eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi is the kingdom ___?

A

Protista.

Honors Biology I (2 decks)

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