Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Define sustainability:
A
the capacity to maintain, support, and endure.
2
Q
What are the 4 separate ideals of sustainability in landscape design?
A
- Environmental Sustainability
- Site Sustainability
- Social Sustainability
- Cultural Sustainability
3
Q
Describe environmental sustainability
A
the responsibility to conserve natural resources to support the health and wellbeing of our ecosystems.
4
Q
Describe site sustainability and give 2 examples.
A
Promotes land development and sustainable management practices with the intent to generate less waste, use less energy, water, and natural resources. Ex. LEED buildings, green roofs, low albedo paving, etc.
5
Q
Describe social sustainability
A
the intent of creating sustainable, successful places that promote wellbeing of indiviuals and the community by understanding what people need from the places they live, work, and play.
6
Q
Describe cultural sustainability.
A
the idea of protecting and sustaining cultural heritage and experiences and traditions for future generations.
7
Q
What are some examples of trends in landscape design today?
A
container gardening, edible and vegetable gardening, native species gardening
8
Q
What are some examples of previous landscaping trends?
A
Norway maples, bright colours (70s)
9
Q
What ecological benefits can plants provide? (6)
A
- hydrological (ie. wetlands)
- microclimate - modify/alleviate harsh environmental conditions
- soil structure - maintain and improve soil conditions
- vegetation - cultural needs
- social, aesthetics, health and wellness
10
Q
Give 2 examples of sustainable green infrastructure:
A
- Green Roof
- Soil management
- Living walls
- Storm Water Management
- Xeriscapes
- Growing trees in urban conditions
11
Q
Every site is a ________
A
system
12
Q
What is the biggest cause of failure of a landscape?
A
Forcing suitability constrictions onto a site
13
Q
What are some requirements for a naturalized design? (3-7)
A
- organic
- responsible to the environment and the site
- variety of plant species
- suitable for four seasons
- attract and encourage local wildlife
- adapt ot local biophysical conditions
- succession and compatibility without human intervention
- native
14
Q
What are the 4 benefits of naturalized design?
A
- require less inputs
- increase benefits to wildlife and pollinators
- seasonal interest
- sensitive to the site
15
Q
An _________ approach to design allows for the integration and cooperation of __________ _________.
A
ecosystem, biophysical factors
16
Q
Define biophysical factors.
A
The biotic and abiotic components surrounding a population or organism.
17
Q
What are the 7 biophysical factors?
A
- topography and landform
- geomorphology and soil
- microclimate
- vegetation
- fish and wildlife habitat
- hydrology
- culture/history
18
Q
What is a green facade?
A
A wall completely or partially covered in vegetation that uses a trellis system to train climbing plants up the wall feature.
19
Q
How are green facades and living walls different?
A
Living walls contain potted plants, green facades have trained plants.
20
Q
What are the purposes of a green facade?
A
- Beautify Building façade and create more greenspace
o Provide additional habitat opportunities for Wildlife
o Acoustic Buffering
o Increased Thermal Insulation
o Improve Air Quality
21
Q
What are the purposes of a green facade?
A
- Beautify the Building Façade and
create more greenspace - Beautify the Built Environment
- Increase greenspace to the
surrounding area - Increases Investment opportunity
22
Q
What are the 3 irrigation methods for a green wall?
A
- Drip irrigation
- Flood irrigation
- recirculating irrigation
23
Q
Describe drip irrigation
A
rows of emitters water the planters or a sheet of absorbant material inside the wall
24
Q
Describe flood irrigation
A
Reservoirs in the containers are filled periodically
25
Describe recirculating irrigation
Emitters at the top of the wall are constantly on, the water flows through the wall to a reservoir at the bottom in a constant cycle.
26
What types of plants are ideal for green facades?
Climbers or twiners
27
What are the purposes of a green roof? (6)
- Beautify Urban Environment and encourage more greenspace
o Provide additional habitat opportunities for Wildlife
o Reduce the Urban Heat Island Effect
o Reduce Stormwater Runoff
o Improve Air Quality
o Saves Energy
28
What is the urban heat island effect?
surfaces absorb more heat and there is less ground storage for rainfall meaning that heat is retained more instead of being reflected away and cooled by evaporation and transpiration
29
What is an albedo rating?
Albedo is a measure of how much solar energy is reflected by a material.
30
What are the 3 types of green roofs?
- extensive
- semi-intensive
- intensive
31
Describe an extensive green roof:
- shallow
- require no irrigation
- small plants
32
Describe a semi-intensive green roof
- medium depth
- require some irrigation
- larger plants
33
Describe intensive green roofs:
- deepest
- high capacity for irrigation
- can hold the largest plants and variety of plants
34
Draw a typical green roof profile
Vegetation
Growing medium
Irrigation
drainage layer and filter fabric
root barrier
waterproofing membrane
structural deck
35
What are 4 considerations for green roofs?
- structure and roof pitch
- maintenance requirements
- irrigation type
- wind
36
What are the elements of design?
- Line
- Form
- Texture
- Colour
37
What are the principles of design?
- Proportion
- Order/Balance (asymmetrical vs. symmetrical)
- Repetition
- Unity
38
What do you need to do to ensure that you're choosing the correct plant/tree for the site?
site analysis
39
What are the existing site conditions? (5)
- Location
- Soil texture and pH
- microclimate
- growing space
- light availability
40
What is Toronto's plant hardiness zone?
6a
41
42
What is the design process also known as?
Problem solving process
43
What are the key considerations when developing a design?
Meet client’s needs, budget, and respect the natural environment
44
What is project acceptance?
Meeting with client, reviewing the project, and attending the site
45
What does the research and analysis phase include?
Site visit, inventory and analysis, data collection, client interview
46
What is the purpose of taking inventory during site analysis?
To note everything observed on site in the base plan
47
What types of factors are collected during data collection?
Biophysical factors
48
What should be preserved on site according to the design process?
Important site features and good views
49
What is created from the site visit to guide the design process?
Base plan
50
What are bubble diagrams used for in the design phase?
To play with ideal functional diagrams or site related functional diagrams
51
What is the purpose of construction drawings?
To draft drawings easily passed on to a builder
52
What happens during the implementation phase?
Construction
53
What is the goal of post-construction evaluation?
Monitoring to ensure everything is installed correctly
54
Why is maintenance important in the design process?
To ensure the project remains in good condition over time
55
What often causes projects to fall short?
Lack of a budget for maintenance
56
What is included in an inventory during site analysis?
Data and material conditions
57
What is the design program?
Summary of inventory and analysis, activities and facilities list
58
What is a concept plan?
A more detailed version of site related functional diagram
59
What is the significance of the term 'Tender'?
It relates to the budget and bid form for maintenance
60
Fill in the blank: The design process should consider __________ for materials.
Low maintenance and drought tolerant species
61
What is the purpose of a greenspace plan in municipalities?
To organize and manage parks, trails, ravines, and greenways
62
Who collaborates in the development of greenspace plans?
Planners, landscape architects, conservation authorities, external consultants
63
What does the term 'urban forest' refer to?
A system of woodlands located in an urban area including forests, street trees, and residential canopies
64
What is the urban canopy coverage in Vaughan?
30%, recently reduced to 25%
65
What is a significant problem regarding tree bylaws in cities?
Too much private trees can lead to lack of regulation and care
66
When was the first tree bylaw enacted in Toronto?
1857
67
What did the first tree bylaw in Toronto prohibit?
Injury and destruction of trees on city streets
68
What type of trees were excluded from the first tree bylaw in Toronto?
Coniferous trees
69
What actions did Toronto take in the 1980s regarding tree protection?
Protected ravine systems and extended tree protection regulations to private property
70
What are the categories of tree bylaws in municipalities?
* Municipal tree bylaw
* Private tree bylaw
* Ravine and natural feature bylaw
* Parks bylaw
71
What is a major cause of tree loss in urban areas?
Compaction of soil due to construction
72
What is the focus of challenges associated with Urban Forestry?
Difficult growing conditions, improper care, lack of understanding of benefits
73
What is one method to protect existing tree canopies?
Implement maintenance and protection programs
74
What technology is used to examine tree canopy deficiencies?
GIS and satellite imagery
75
What program aids urban forestry departments in assessing tree health?
iTree program
76
What is the focus of the City of Toronto Tree Equity Study?
Examining tree canopies across different income neighborhoods
77
True or False: Construction is not a leading cause of tree death in urban areas.
False
78
What is the significance of wildlife corridors?
They create an integrated greenspace system for habitats
79
What are the two models of urban park systems mentioned?
* Central park model
* Series of connected parks systems
80
What are the types of wildlife corridors?
* Local
* Sub-regional
* Regional
81
What is the impact of development on natural wildlife corridors?
They become fragmented
82
What is the importance of patch size in wildlife corridors?
It affects species distribution between interior and edge habitats
83
What is the function of the Banff wildlife overpass?
Allows flora and fauna to safely cross highways
84
What is hydrozoning?
Grouping of plants based off of moisture requirements
## Footnote
High water use plants are placed closer to high-use areas for easier access.
85
What factors should be analyzed in property analysis for water-wise gardening?
Environmental conditions
## Footnote
This includes assessing sunlight, wind, and soil type.
86
What is the purpose of soil testing in water-wise gardening?
To analyze soil profile
## Footnote
It helps determine the necessary amendments for better water retention.
87
Name three types of amendments that can improve soil for water-wise gardening.
* Peat moss
* Compost
* Manure
## Footnote
These additives allow for faster infiltration of water.
88
What characteristics define water-wise plants?
* Drought tolerant
* Native to the area
* Low water use
* Dormant during summer heat
* Features like taproot systems, fuzzy or waxy leaves, succulent leaves or stems
## Footnote
These adaptations help them survive in arid conditions.
89
What types of turf are considered appropriate for water-wise gardening?
* Native
* Drought tolerant
* Fine fescue
* Rye grass
## Footnote
Other options like thyme, clover, and sedum may struggle in certain climates.
90
How does mulch contribute to water-wise gardening?
* Better moisture retention
* Prevents weed growth
* Keeps roots cool
## Footnote
Mulch acts as a protective layer for the soil.
91
What is the recommended method for efficient irrigation?
* Irrigate directly to the roots
* Avoid spray irrigation due to water loss
* Water early or in the evening
* Deeply and infrequently
## Footnote
These practices maximize water absorption and minimize evaporation.
92
What are some maintenance practices for a water-wise garden?
* Rake plant debris
* Lawn aeration
* Maintain compost
* Prune
* Deadhead
* Pull weeds
## Footnote
Regular maintenance helps keep the garden healthy and efficient.
93
Fill in the blank: _______ refers to the collection of rainwater for use in irrigation.
Rainwater harvesting
## Footnote
This technique helps utilize natural precipitation effectively.
94
True or False: Spray irrigation is the most efficient method for watering plants.
False
## Footnote
Spray irrigation can lead to significant water loss.
95
What are the 7 water wise techniques covered in class?
- Planning and Design
- Soil prep
- Water wise plants
- Appropriate Turf
- Mulch
- Efficient Irrigation
- Maintenance
96
What is hydrozoning?
Grouping plants based on moisture requirements.
97
What is the difference between native and non native plants
- Naturally occurring in this area vs. introduced by human intervention
98
What is an invasive species?
- Capacity to take over an area, can b e native or non native
99
What are the parts of the design process?
Project acceptance
Research and Analysis
Design
Construction Drawings
Implementation
Post-Construction Evaluation
Maintenance
