final exam Flashcards
definition of free association
the talking cure
person is encouraged to say whatever comes or mind in relation to some concern or issue
why did freud consider psychotherapy as beneficial?
First step of to understand your own mind
Talking about it helps
definition of psychic determinism
Everything that happens in a person’s mind, including everything a person thinks and does, has a specific cause that can be identified
Miracles, free will, and random accidents do not exist
What makes the psychoanalytic theory different than the other theories when it comes to the focus between unconscious and the conscious to determine behavior?
Contradictions of thoughts and behavior can be resolved by looking at the unconscious part of the mind
Know the difference between the id, ego, and superego. Be able to identify each in scenarios where they interact and compromise with each other.
Id: irrational and emotional
Ego: rational
Superego: moral
primary focus of the Neo-freudians in comparison to Freud’s era?
Move away from emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts toward a focus on the interpersonal aspects of life
Reinterpretation of the libido
What is the primary focus of “ego psychologists” (or ego psychology)
Less emphasis on unconscious mental processes and more on conscious thought, perception, memory, learning
Be familiar with what “organ inferiority?” is and what it looks like in everyday scenarios.
Idea that individuals are motivated to attain equality with or superiority over others to compensate for perceived weaknesses in childhood
Perceptions of weakness are more important than reality
The difference between animus and anima, according to Jung
Anima: the idea, or prototype of the female
Animus: idea or prototype of the male
Karen Horney’s theory and how it deviated from traditional Freudian theory.
Feminine psychology
Disagreed with “penis envy” and women’s desire to be male
what is construal?
a person’s particular experience of the world
define thrownness
an important basis of your experience
being thrown into modern society is particular difficult. no over-arching meaning or purpose
what does it mean to live in bad faith?
Existentialism
There is a way out.. you could choose to avoid this problem or angst all together
You could ignore the existential questions and moral imperative
From an “optimistic humanism perspective,” what is the goal in life?
The ultimate need or motive is Self-actualization
Must meet the lower needs first
definition of acculturation
A person moves to a new culture and begins to pick up its characteristics
etics
aspects of phenomenon that ALL cultures have in COMMON
emics
aspects of phenomenon specific to a particular culture
difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures
collectivism: needs and rights of the group
individualism: needs and rights of the individual, need for self-regard
Be familiar with the argument that personality matters less in collectivist cultures (hint: what does the research day about countries with less trait words?)
English has 2,8000 trait words while chinese has only 557: personality in the western sense is less meaningful in eastern contexts
Why is direct observation important to a behaviorist?
The study of how a person’s behavior AS OBSERVED BY ANOTHER is a direct result of their environment, particularly the rewards and punishments that the environment contains
What is habituation?
A decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something
From a Social Learning Perspective, what were some of the shortcomings or limitations presented about behaviorism? In other words, what were the critiques that Social Learning theorists had towards behaviorism?
o Behaviorism ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion. Is primarily based on animal research. Ignores the social dimension of learning. Organisms are treated as essentially passive.
o Doesn’t account for cognitive processes and the influence of observational learning.
declarative knowledge
the fact and impressions that we consciously know and can describe
procedural knowledge
the knowledge expressed through actions rather than words
Relational self: patterns of social skills and styles of relating to others
Implicit self: unconscious self-knowledge
relationship deal breakers
Traits that prevent or undermine relationships
Inverse of traits for dealmakers
Untrustworthy and anger issues, dispositional contempt, rejection sensitivity
most common outcome for those high in rejection sensitivity
They often discuss relationship problems MORE, leading to their actual rejection, the outcome they feared the most.
likely relationship outcome for two disagreeable people
Pairing disagreeable people with similarly disagreeable people is unlikely to lead anywhere good
trait predictive of job performance
conscientiousness
at what age do we see a person’s traits associated with future job performance
Personality ratings at age 8, combined with self-ratings at age 30, predict how much money the child would grow up to earn between ages 40 and 60
What are the general characteristics of those diagnosed with a personality disorder
Unusually extreme personality attributes
Problematic
Affects social relationships and interactions
Stable over time
A person who has a personality disorder affects who?
Personality disorders create severe problems for the affected individual or others who know the person
8% of population suffers from personality disorder
Why would taking into account cultural differences be important when diagnosing someone with a personality disorder?
Cultural variations: patterns of shy, self-effacing behavior are normal in collectivistic cultures, while loud/aggressive behavior is normal in individualistic cultures:
one or the other may be viewed as a personality disorder if context is not observed
Be familiar with what is means to be “ego-syntonic” and what it looks for individuals with personality disorders.
Furthermore, which personality disorder is hardest to treat due to the patients being ego-syntonic?
Ego-syntonic: symptoms are seen as normal and valued aspects of personality by the person with the disorder
They think others are the problematic ones
Antisocial or narcissistic personality disorders typically don’t think they have a problem.
Primary characteristic of borderline personality disorder.
Emotional instability, self-harm, interpersonal relationships are confusing/chaotic, identity disturbance
What does Funder (the author) say about the criteria of how one should choose a personality approach?
Does the approach offer a way to seek an answer to a question that is worthwhile?
Know what the five personality approaches/theories personality are.
phenomenological, Trait, biological, psychoanalytic, learning/cognitive
MEP: trait approach
throughout my mentorship experience, I noticed that my mentee was consistently the last one to finish eating his snack, and I think this purposeful delay was a tactic to avoid singing time. His traits- shyness, discomfort with group activities- was inflating his behavior.
MEP: learning/cognitive approach
There were several times throughout my mentorship experience where I saw my mentee’s behavior change as a result of punishment. For example, his teacher put him in time out when he was being disruptive, and after that, he would behave better.
MEP: phenomenological approach
I realized that my mentee and I see the word very differently, and that’s due to our different conscious experiences of the world. For one, we are at vastly different age/life stages, so our unique experiences shape the way we view the world. Also, he is White and I am Asian, so our different cultural backgrounds can also influence our experiences of reality.
Describe two components of SILB data that may have influenced your potential career choice (e.g. describe “I” and “B” data). (2pts)
Informants data: There are many people in my life, who know me very well, that believed that I had the attributes and qualities to become a doctor. These included family friends and family members that are doctors themselves.
L data: I believe that getting into medical school has made my career choice a lot more concrete, and the L data I have accumulated is what helped me get into medical school. These records include my GPA, letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities, and other archival records.
explain two different ways in which the information you learned in this class might be able to be incorporated in your everyday work as part of your future profession. (2pts)
Something I learned in this class was that our personality traits can largely impact the jobs we are good at and that we will enjoy. In the future, when I decide what kind of doctor I want to be, I will remember to keep my personality traits in mind to help guide that big decision. For example, I am not sure that I want to be a surgeon or an administrator, as I am quite shy and prefer to be a team-player rather than a leader.
I think this information reminded me to stay true to who I really am, and not try to act a certain way to get people to like me. It is a true fact that employers look for certain traits in their employees, but I do not want to spend the rest of my life acting like someone I am not. So to find the best fit for myself, I need to actually act like myself.
