Final Exam Flashcards
What is Democratic Consolidation?
Democratic consolidation refers to the process through which a democracy matures, making it unlikely to revert to authoritarianism. Key elements include institutionalization, rule of law, political tolerance, and civil society.
Real-world examples include the transitions to consolidated democracies in Chile and South Korea.
What are the types of Authoritarian Regimes?
Authoritarian regimes can be categorized into different types, including competitive authoritarianism, which holds elections but manipulates them. Tactics used to maintain power include repression, co-optation, control of media, and manipulation of elections.
Competitive authoritarianism differs from fully authoritarian states in its electoral processes.
How does Geography influence Economic Development?
Geography influences economic development through factors like natural resources and geographical barriers. The relationship between geography and institutions (inclusive vs. extractive) is crucial in shaping a country’s development.
The theories of Acemoglu and Robinson highlight these relationships.
What are Key Indicators of Development?
Key indicators of development include GDP, literacy rates, life expectancy, and political stability. These indicators reflect a country’s development status and are important for assessing progress.
Understanding these indicators is essential for evaluating economic and social health.
What is meant by Conceptual Clarity in political explanations?
Conceptual clarity involves providing clear and structured explanations. For instance, distinguishing between settler and non-settler colonies should focus on how the type of economy influences political and economic outcomes.
Clear explanations help avoid confusion in complex topics.
Why are non-violent movements more successful?
Non-violent resistance tends to have a higher success rate due to broad participation, non-violent discipline, and legitimacy.
What did Chenoweth’s research find?
Chenoweth’s research indicates that non-violent campaigns have higher success rates compared to violent campaigns.
What are examples of non-violent movements?
Examples include the Civil Rights Movement, Solidarity in Poland, and The Arab Spring.
What is the difference between settler and non-settler colonies?
Colonial powers established different kinds of institutions based on whether they were settler or non-settler colonies.
How does colonialism impact development?
Colonial institutions have long-term effects on political and economic development.
What are examples of colonialism’s impact?
Examples include Canada vs. India and New Zealand vs. Kenya.
What are the three key types of market failures?
The three key types of market failures are public goods, externalities, and monopoly power.
How can government intervention correct market failures?
Government intervention can correct market failures through regulations, subsidies, and taxes.
What are real-world examples of market failures?
Examples include environmental pollution (externalities) and monopolies in industries like tech.
What is competitive authoritarianism?
Competitive authoritarianism is a regime with some democratic elements but significant disadvantages for the opposition.
How do competitive authoritarian regimes hold elections?
Competitive authoritarian regimes hold elections differently than fully authoritarian regimes (like Syria) and democratic regimes (like the US).
What are examples of competitive authoritarianism?
Examples include Venezuela, Russia, and Belarus.
What is the collective action problem?
The collective action problem arises when individuals have conflicting interests, making it difficult to achieve a common goal.
How do public goods and free riders contribute to collective action problems?
Public goods and free riders complicate collective action by allowing individuals to benefit without contributing.
What are solutions to collective action problems?
Solutions include incentives, coercion, and group solidarity.
What is an example of a collective action problem?
An example is environmental issues like climate change.
What types of market failures should be studied?
Study public goods, externalities, and monopolies to understand the problems they create.
What government interventions can correct market failures?
Government interventions include taxes, regulations, or providing public goods.
What are examples of government solutions to market failures?
Examples include public health systems, environmental regulation, and the regulation of monopolies like in the telecommunications industry.
What are the four components of success in non-violent movements?
The four components are mass participation, discipline, legitimacy, and effective communication.
How do success rates of non-violent movements compare to violent movements?
Non-violent movements generally have higher success rates than violent movements, influenced by various factors.
What are Levitsky and Ziblatt’s indicators of authoritarianization?
The four key indicators include weakening of democratic norms and attacks on opposition.
What are examples of authoritarianism development?
Examples include Hungary, Turkey, and Poland.
What is the difference between majoritarian and proportional representation?
Different electoral systems shape political representation and outcomes.
What are examples of majoritarian vs. proportional representation systems?
Majoritarian examples include the UK and US; proportional representation examples include Germany and Israel.
