final exam Flashcards
Used to measure risk with exposure and provide information on the speed at which a disease develops.
Rate
Percent
Proportion
Ratio
Rate
An occurrence in a community or region of cases of illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
Mortality
Pandemic
Morbidity
Epidemic
Epidemic
(Number of live births in a year/number of women aged 15-44 years at midpoint of the year) x 1,000
Crude Birth Rate
Fetal Death Rate
Maternal Mortality Rate
General Fertility Rate
General Fertility Rate
In 2013, a county in the United States with a population of 500,000 people may have had 20 new cases of tuberculosis (TB) The ___________ rate would be four cases per 100,000 people.
Prevalence Rate
Incidence Rate
Attack Rate
Mortality Rate
Incidence Rate
se this excerpt to calculate the rate using this formula: (Number of live births in a year/number of women aged 15-44 years at midpoint of the year) x 1,000
The midpoint US population in 2021 was 331,893,745. There were 65,080,433 women in the U.S. that year of childbearing age (15-44). There were 3,664,292 live births and 19,607 infants died before their first birthday. Of all live births, most (52.0%) were white and 23.8% were Hispanic
56.3 per 1000
196.0 per 1000
11.7 per 1000
30.0 per 100
56.3 per 1000
True or False:
A test with high external validity will prove the sample is fully representative of the population it was taken from.
True
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report is published by this Federal agency:
American Public Health Association
National Institutes of Health
World Health Organization
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Describes how much death and disability is caused by the disease or condition.
Frequency
Incidence
Severity
Exposures
Severity
A disease that causes internal hemorrhage and whose last major outbreak occurred in Sierra Leone in 2014.
Zika
Ebola
Polio
Cholera
Ebola
What is the interquartile range (IQR) of the number set: 5, 7, 8, 3, 4, 4, 8, 2, 7, 1, 6
7
4
6
5
4
Used cow pox to create the first vaccine, ultimately used to eradicate smallpox.
Hippocrates
Edward Jenner
Paracelsus
John Snow
Robert Koch
Edward Jenner
This type of sampling is quick and inexpensive but is often highly biased.
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Convenience sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Convenience sampling
Military ranks can be classified as _________________ data.
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Ordinal
In a normal distribution, this is the percentage of data included within 1 standard deviation above and below the mean.
95.4%
13.6%
68.2%
99.6%
68.2%
This type of sampling uses a random process and is the least biased method.
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Convenience sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Used for displaying frequency distributions for continuous variables.
Histogram
Pie Graph
Line Graph
Bar Graph
Histogram
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 protects patients’:
Right to Insurance
Right to Privacy
Right to Treatment
Right to Choose a Provider
Right to Privacy
Categories of transportation (car, plane, train) is __________ data.
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
The best use for this graph is showing trends over time.
Histogram
Pie Graph
Line Graph
Bar Graph
Line Graph
Vital events include the following (select all that apply):
Death
Marriage
Birth
Disability
Divorce
Death
Marriage
Birth
Divorce
Calculate the mean of the number set: 5, 7, 8, 3, 4, 4, 8, 2, 7, 1, 6
7
4
6
5
5
The three V’s that categorize big data (select all that apply):
Velocity
Veracity
Variety
Volume
Value
Velocity
Veracity
Volume
The measure of central tendency that is best to analyze skewed data.
Mode
Range
Mean
Median
Median
The father of modern epidemiology and the first to use mapping as a technique to track an epidemic.
Hippocrates
Edward Jenner
Paracelsus
John Snow
Robert Koch
John Snow
An ancient Greek philosopher who first suggested water as a source of disease and diet as a prescription for illness.
Hippocrates
Edward Jenner
Paracelsus
John Snow
Robert Koch
Hippocrates
Three factors included in the Epidemiologic Triangle (select all the apply):
Environment
Agent
Vector
Location
Host
Environment
Agent
Host
True or False:
Ethics refers to norms and conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
True
If the outcome increases with an exposure, there is:
A noncausal association
Positive Association
No Association
Negative Association
Positive Association
The Policy Cycle is five steps. What is step one?
Policy establishment
Policy assessment/evaluation
Problem definition
Agenda setting
Policy implementation
Problem definition
The existence of differences in disease and adverse health outcomes occurring among specific groups.
Poverty
Socioeconomic Status
Health Disparity
Racism
Health Disparity
The following are types of biomarkers (select all that apply):
Lab results
Medical history
Imaging studies
Demographics
Lab results
Imaging studies
True or false: An ecological fallacy refers to behavioral changes that result from their knowledge of being in a study.
False
Refers to the ability of the measuring instrument to give consistent results when repeated.
Validity
Specificity
Reliability
Sensitivity
Reliability
Which direction is a negative skew in?
left
A given disease is seen following a specific exposure and no other exposures
A.
Consistency
B.
Biologic Gradient
C.
Specificity
D.
Temporality
E.
Experiment
C.
Specificity
An association should be observed repeatedly
A.
Consistency
B.
Biologic Gradient
C.
Specificity
D.
Temporality
E.
Experiment
A.
Consistency
Should observe a cause before an effect
A.
Consistency
B.
Biologic Gradient
C.
Specificity
D.
Temporality
E.
Experiment
D.
Temporality
Should show a linear trend between exposure and disease (dose-response curve)
A.
Consistency
B.
Biologic Gradient
C.
Specificity
D.
Temporality
E.
Experiment
B.
Biologic Gradient
Evidence should support your causal hypothesis
A.
Consistency
B.
Biologic Gradient
C.
Specificity
D.
Temporality
E.
Experiment
E.
Experiment
Ecologic studies are most often used for this purpose:
To define subjects on the basis of presence or absence of an outcome of interest.
To track the incidence of a specific disease or outcome over time.
Investigate intentional change in some aspect of the status of the subjects designed to test a hypothesized relationship.
To reveal how demographics and social environment contribute to morbidity and mortality.
To reveal how demographics and social environment contribute to morbidity and mortality.
This type of assessment measures the relationship between exposure and health effects.
Risk
Exposure
Cost-Benefit
Dose-Response
Dose-Response
The Gold Standard of pharmaceutical research is:
Cohort Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Case-Control Study
Ecologic Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
This type of study uses populations or groups of people as the units of analysis.
Cohort
Case-Control
Ecologic
Experimental
Ecologic
The theory that disease floated in clouds, particularly around the dead.
Germ Theory
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Miasma Theory
Four Humors Theory
Miasma Theory
This is the most common screening for breast cancer.
Mammogram
Colonoscopy
Fasting Blood Test
Genetics Testing
Mammogram
Study outcome data is collected in the future once the exposure has occurred.
Prospective
Retrospective
Longitudinal
Ecologic
Prospective
In a(n) _________________ study, subjects are defined on the presence or absence of an outcome of interest.
Cohort
Case-Control
Ecologic
Experimental
Case-Control
This Newborn screening test will make sure they can metabolize phenylalanine.
Biotinidase deficiency
Cystic Fibrosis
Pulse Oximetry
Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria
____________ does not equal ____________.
Exposure, effect
Effect, Cause
Association, causation
Cause, Effect
Association, causation
The first step in starting any epidemiological research:
Make a hypothesis
Define your variables
Fund your project
Construct a research question using existing facts and hypotheses
Construct a research question using existing facts and hypotheses
True or False:
A cluster of disease cases is a definitive sign of cause and effect.
False
The most common variable used to adjust rates and the variable that often shows the largest variation in disease occurrence.
Age
Race
Ethnicity
Sex
Income
Age
Type of study used to determine point prevalence by examining relationship between variables at a specific time.
Cross-Sectional
Case Report
Cohort
Case Series
Cross-Sectional
The person or living animal where the infectious agent lives is called the:
Vector
Reservoir
Host
Fomite
Host
True or False: The severity of a disease is its virulence.
True
True or False: Presence of a genetic marker means the host will end up with the disease.
False
What is herd immunity?
The resistance of an individual to an infectious agent
The resistance of a community to an infectious agent
The resistance of a substantial portion of individuals to an infectious agent
The resistance of animals to an infectious agent
The resistance of a community to an infectious agent
Temperature and humidity are factors in ________________ environments.
Physical
Climatologic
Economic
Biologic
Climatologic
True or False: An observational study allows no control over exposure.
True
What is the definition of an index case?
The case with the highest number of symptoms
The first case of disease that comes to the attention of authorities
A case that is resistant to treatment
A case that is asymptomatic
The first case of disease that comes to the attention of authorities
These are all core functions of Public Health (Select all that Apply):
Evaluation
Affirmation
Assurance
Assessment
Assurance
Assessment
True or False: Active immunity is the type of immunity a baby receives from breast feeding.
False
If an instrument is accurate and gives a true measurement, it is also:
Reliable
Specific
Valid
Sensitive
Valid
Which of the following best describes a life event sustained over a long period of time?
Acute strain
Chronic strain
Temporary strain
Intermittent strain
Chronic strain
These three disorders are commonly experienced together in childhood as a triad of mental disorders:
ADHD, autism, and developmental delay
Autism, learning disability, and developmental delay
ADHD, autism, and learning disability
Learning disability, ADHD, and developmental delay
Learning disability, ADHD, and developmental delay
______ is the ability of the test to identify those who do NOT have the disease.
Validity
Specificity
Reliability
Sensitivity
Specificity
True or False: Lead exposure can occur through absorption or inhalation.
False
The following is TRUE about Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Select all that apply):
It is a depressive disorder.
Develops after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened harm or death.
It only affects soldiers that have gone to war.
Can cause flashbacks and angry outbursts.
Develops after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened harm or death.
Can cause flashbacks and angry outbursts.
A(n) __________ ratio is the association between the frequency of exposure and the frequency of outcome.
Hazard
Odds
Risk
Rate
Odds
____________________ is the ability of a test to identify those who actually have the disease.
Validity
Specificity
Reliability
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
True or False: Hypertension is a risk factor for stroke.
True
The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals.
Infection
Infectivity
Incubation
Immunity
Infection
Stress can be related to all the following causative factors but the following:
Chemical
Genetic
Physical
Emotional
Genetic
True or False: Dioxin is a highly toxic chemical that causes neurological effects and is found in Agent Orange.
True
Typhoid Mary spread disease without ever becoming symptomatic, making her a(n) _________________.
Natural Reservoir
Endemic
Vector
Carrier
Carrier
This event resulted in the second largest radiation exposure to a large population.
Fukushima Daiichi
Windscale
Three-Mile Island
Chernobyl
Chernobyl
A sex-linked bleeding disorder is:
Sickle Cell
Down Syndrome
Hemophilia
Tay-Sachs
Hemophilia
True or false: Overdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary medical treatments and psychological stress for individuals who are diagnosed with a condition that would never have caused symptoms or problems.
True
