Final Exam Flashcards
What is cultural safety?
“Requires the explicit and detailed recognition of the cultural identity of the Indigenous people and the historical legacy of power relations and repression”
What is reflective learning?
Students take a step back to analyze and reflect on their responses to the course materials
What is insurgent education?
Engage in “decolonizing and discomforting moments of Indigenous truth-telling that challenge the colonial status quo”
What is Indigenous Ways of Knowing?
We respect that Indigenous Peoples have our/their own ways of knowing and interpreting the world that are not required to conform to Western paradigms
Define Aboriginal.
-Defined as “Indian, Inuit and Métis People of Canada”
-Very Diverse
-Identities have been shaped, and continue to be shaped by colonial and neo-colonial policy
Define Indigenous.
Considered more acceptable as a generalizing term, because it signifies that people have inhabited a particular territory for millennia, and because it connects common experience across the globe.
Define First Nations.
-Refers to people who are members of and retain connections to one or more of the First Nation communities in Canada, and who may be Status or Non-Status Indians
-More than 50% of First Nations people no longer live in the lands that were reserved for their Nation
-This term became widely used in the 1980’s in place of ‘Indian’ or ‘Band’
Define Metis.
-A complex identity that is legally defined within Canadian law and refers to the ‘mixed blood’ descendants of European and Indigenous people
-This identity developed from the recognition of the unique culture, language (Michif) and people of mixed ancestry descent from the French and Cree families living in the Red River Valley
Define Inuit.
Legally defined identity embedded within Canadian law and refers to the culturally and linguistically similar people living in the Arctic regions
What is self identification?
-Many Indigenous populations have their own Indigenous language-based names for themselves, their Indigenous nations, Tribal organizations, alliances, landmarks, life-ways and people.
-The terms ‘Indian’ and ‘Native’ are NOT preferable terms in this course
-By institutionalizing categories, terms and definitions of Indigenous groups/people, the colonial state has directly contributed to the breaking of family bonds, loss of identity and undermining of traditional Indigenous conceptions of identity and community
Why does Terminology matter?
-It is dehumanizing not to use them appropriately and respectfully
-When you refer to someone as Indian, First Nations, Inui, etc. you are referring to them by an ‘assigned’ descriptor. When appropriate, add the Term Peoples, Persons or populations
-When speaking about race, ethnicity, sexuality, ability, or gender, the term is always explained by adding the subject
Define race.
Socially constructed phenomenon that is not supported by scientific evidence - there is no ‘racial hierarchy’ - but nonetheless, ideas about racial categories and traits persist and continue to shape conversations
What is critical race theory (CRT)
Examines how race is implicated in all aspects of society and how certain racial groups with power govern other racial groups
Criticism of CRT
Does not name and examine the role of colonialism
Does not include the voices of Indigenous scholars/discussions around sovereignty
Anti-racism education includes:
-Naming the visible and invisible powers and privileges that have been normalized by White people
-Examining the construction of race in relation to power
-Expands on anti-racism education and CRT by examining the links between colonialism and racism
Define Racism.
Is the marginalization and/or oppression of people of colour based on socially constructed racial hierarchy that privileges white people
What are the 8 Components of Racism
- Prejudice
- Ethnocentrism
- Stereotypes
- Discrimination
- Harassment
- Racial Harassment
- Microaggressions
- Colour Blindness
What does “Unpacking the White Knapsack” define white privilege as?
an invisible package of unearned assets, that could be relied upon, but weren’t supposed to be recognized as assets
sum up “unpacking the white knapsack”
- denial protects male privilege and same cane be see in white privilege
- whites are not taught to recognize their privilege
- “whites are taught to think their lives are morally neutral, normative, and average”
- their needs to be realization of this privilege
- list of extensive statements to ask when thinking about privilege (i.e. I can, if I wish, arrange to be in the company of my race most of the time, etc)
different types of advantages associated with privilege. From the white knapsack article.
Earned strength vs. Unearned power
Positive advantages vs. Negative advantages
Unearned Entitlement vs. unearned advantage
Where does advantage come from?
Race
Sex
Age
Ethnicity
Physical ability
Nationality
Religion
Sexual orientation
Social class
Economic class
What are determinants of health?
Simply something that can impact an individual’s, a family’s or a community’s health
What are social determinants of health?
Resulting from social constructions and situations
Provide us with a framework for understanding health and what influences it
Ex. where a person lives may impact their health status (lack of access to food and medical services)
What does the World Health Organization say about social determinants of health?
States that social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, including health systems
What are the Public Health Agency of Canada’s 12 key DoH?
Income and social status
Social support networks
Education and literacy
Employment/working conditions
Social environments
Physical environments
Personal health practices and coping skills
Healthy child development
Biology and genetic endowment
Health services
Gender
culture
What are the 3 levels of determinants of health?
Proximal
Intermediate
Distal
Describe Proximal when it comes to determinants of health?
“Conditions that have a direct impact on physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual health” such as overcrowding, family violence and substance use
These conditions create stress, which can promote learning difficulties, mental health issues, and exacerbated health problems
Broken down into subcategories:
Health behaviours
Physical environments
Employment and income
Education
Food insecurity
Describe Intermediate when it comes to determinants of health?
The origin of proximal determinants
This interaction between determinants is evident in the following areas:
-Health care systems
-Education systems
-Community infrastructure, resources, and capacities
-Environmental stewardship
-Cultural continuity
Describe Distal when it comes to determinants of health?
Refer to “political, economic, and social contexts that construct both intermediate and proximal determinants”
These overarching frameworks include:
Colonialism
Racism
Social exclusion
self -determination or lack thereof
Describe the River Parable
Tells a story of people walking alongside a river and seeing children in the water. They keep jumping in to save the children over and over again.
Then one of the people decides to go upstream to see how all these children are getting in the water and finds a man up there throwing children into the river.
Basically looking to the root of the problem instead of just trying to solve the temporary solution in front of us.
Disparity and Inequity
Often used interchangeably to signify that something is not equal
What is equality?
treating everyone the same, regardless of their individual circumstances or needs
What is equity?
is about fairness through adjusting resource opportunities based on individual needs and circumstances
Indigenous people are more likely….
- to have lower median after-tax income
- to experience unemployment
- to live in a house needing repairs
- to experience physical, emotional or sexual abuse
- to be victims of violent crimes
- to be incarcerated and less likely to be granted parole
How do Indigenous people rate the emergency department?
44% rated quality care in emergency departments as either fair or poor
How do Indigenous people access healthcare?
43% reported receiving poor treatment due to racism and discrimination
How are health services for Indigenous people funded?
- provincial systems provide acute and intensive services for ALL populations
- Federal government provides health services for on-reserve status First Nations and Inuit communities
- funding is not provided for non status or Metis populations
What is health transfer?
refers to the process by which control over health services and programs is transferred from federal/provincial governments to Indigenous communities or organizations
aims to give Indigenous people more control over their own health care systems
What is the broad goal of health transfer?
to move toward self-determination and reconciliation with Indigenous communities
How is Indigenous healthcare access different?
they are less likely to seek help when symptoms arise
more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage of disease than non-Indigenous people
What does the Health Council of Canada Report?
Doctors would not prescribe painkillers to Indigenous people
Emergency room patients were assumed to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol
Code words to signify dismissively to colleagues that the next patient is an Indigenous person
Keeping mothers and newborn babies longer than necessary to ‘access’ whether she will be a good parent
Indigenous woman was told she would not be included in the planning process for her family member’s care because she ‘wouldn’t understand’
Describe the Chandler and Lalonde study.
-demonstrates the important role of cultural contninuity and self-determination in health status, particularly that of social/mental health and suicide rates
- examined rate of Indigenous suicide rates compared to non-Indigenous
- Longitudinal study
- conducted in BC and finalized in 2008
What were some of the statistics found from the Chandler and Lalonde study?
Indigenous people account for 3% of the total population in BC but account for 9% of all suicides in BC
Indigenous youth account for 23% of all youth suicides in BC
The province wide rate of Indigenous youth suicide is 5x higher than the national average
What are the 6 factors associated with cultural continuity?
land claims
self government
self-determination
education services
police and fire services
health services
cultural facilities
What is the rational that supports Indigenous people having control over their own health services?
Communities with more of the 6 factors related to cultural continuity had either no suicides or reduced rates
Increased cultural continuity = reduced suicide rates
Describe creation stories.
we all have creation stories. An origin or conception story is used to explain how people and the world came into existence
What are some of the common ailments of Indigenous people, pre-contact?
pyorrhea (disease of the gums), arthritis, venereal disease and broken bones
What did Indigenous people use to help aid ailments?
they used plants and herbs as medicine (many modern drugs are derived from these)
Had healers
What are some of the practices Indigenous people used pre-contact?
- women were valued and held leadership roles
- children were raised according to the values of the sacred circle
- used to the resource-rich environment to provide abundant healthy food
- believes everything is interconnected (physical, mental, emotional, & spiritual)
- adapted to environment and migrated when needed
- in harmony with the environment and other species
What was special about healers?
they were specialized and trained from a young age
knew much more than the general healing practices
diverse knowledge in plant medicine, spiritual or ceremonial healing, physical, mental or emotional therapies and treatments, and minor surgeries
Define Colonization
mainly refers to the establishment of a colony in an area, or the spreading of a species into a new habitat, there are a number of practices associated with the act
What was the settlers goal in colonization?
- intended to permanently occupy and assert their control over, Indigenous lands
- This invasion is structural rather than a single event
- the goal is to eliminate colonial difference by eliminating Indigenous peoples, thereby establishing settler right to Indigenous lands
Colonial practices include..
war, displacement, forced labour, removal of children, relocation, massacres, genocide, banning of languages
acts as a structure of domination
What new Europeans values were forced onto the Indigenous population?
- patriarchy
- male-dominated power structures
this influenced their existing social/family relations
Prior to colonization, Indigenous people believe what about the land?
belief that the land belonged to everyone
land displacement/ownership was the first step towards European colonization
What are the 4 major contributors to the spread of infectious disease?
-Large, sedentary population
-Overcrowding and poor hygiene
-Poor nutrition
-Close contact with animals (they are reservoirs for microorganisms)
How did contact affect the Indigenous diet?
- Increase in saturated fats, sugars, starches, refined salts, alcohol, and caffeine have contributed to health and social problems
- Also loss of cultural knowledge about foods and medicines.
- After colonization, residential schools and reserves interrupted this pattern and changed their diets
during ________ years of contact, disease such as ______, ________, _______, _______ & ______ reduced population
200-300
smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, scarlet fever, and measles
What is the estimated size of Indigenous population in Canada in 1871?
102,000
How many years did it take to increase the Indigenous population to 500,000?
over 100 years
in the early 1980’s
almost ___% of off-reserve Indigenous children under the age of __ live in low income families, compared to ___% of non-Indigenous
50%
6 years
18%
____% of Indigenous children that live in large urban centers are living in low income families
57
Assimilation definition
“The policy of assimilation did not mean the physical annihilation of Indian people, rather it referred to the cultural and behavioural change of Indians such that when they would be culturally indistinguishable from other Canadians.”
Some of the ways the Indian Act achieves its goal…
controls Indigenous status
Land displacement
limits trade
oppresses cultural practices
When was the Indian Act adopted? and what was its goal?
1876
“explicit goal to control every facet of life on reserves”
Defining “Indianness” from the Indian Act
Between 1876 and 1985 ‘Indianness’ was traced through the male line
Indian women who married non-Indians ceased to be Indians under the Act. They weren’t considered Canadian Citizens ether between 1876 and 1960
Indian men could not lose status through marriage
If they married a non-Indian women, she gained status under the Act
The revision of the Indian Act
- In 1985, a revision to the Indian Act was made as this policy conflicted with the Charter of Rights and Freedom
-The revision, Bill C-31, allowed for Indigenous women who married Non-Indigneous men to reapply for status
-Although this step did not mean that women/families were welcomed back to their communities (many were unknown since they had lived off reserves for so long)
-Bill C-31 was developed to ensure that eligible children/grandchildren of women who lost their status become entitled to registration (status)
How did the Indian Act effect careers?
Section 86(1), sought to take away the access of any Indian who had a degree, or became a doctor, lawyer, or clergy member
Any Indian person wishing to pursue higher education risked losing his/her status as an Indian, including all benefits of living on reserve
What was the Blood Quantum Formula?
- Indigenous was also determined through this formula located in the act
- labels Indigenous as 6(1) or 6(2) and defines what level their children are recognized at, or if their children lose status based on the level of their parents
- tried to determine who was ‘real’ Indians
Define the purpose, and conditions of Residential schools
Used to destroy cultural values, beliefs and languages (“Kill the Indian in the child”)
Underfunded, contained unsanitary conditions, caused health epidemics and hundreds of childrens deaths
Physical, emotional and sexual abuse
How were Residential schools come by in Canada?
in 1879, Sir John A. Macdonald assigned Nicholas Flood to report on the US’s industrial schools
looked into the feasibility of establishing similar institutions
were originally to teach arts, crafts and industrial skills of modern economy but were used to solve the “Indian Problem” (the crown had a treaty obligation to protect and act in the best interests of the First Nations people as long as the First Nations kept their culture/traditions, therefore they wanted to get rid of it)
What churches pressured the government to fulfill the educational clauses in the numbered treaties?
the Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian and Methodist
What is pedagogy?
Change learning and education from holistic to western
What is paganism?
Needed to be Christianized
Purpose of the residential schools in regards to culture, appearance and education?
Needed to take on ‘white-western’ values
Needed to ‘look’ more like white people
Needed to learn English or French; weren’t allowed to speak Indigenous languages
What year approximately did resident schools start?
During the 1870s
