Final Exam

Question 1

Contagious Agalactia

Answer 1

Pathogen: mycoplasma agalactiae
Signalment: dairy sheep and goats, seen in U.S. but primarily in Mediterranean
Incubation: 1 week to 2 months
Acute: Fever, CNS signs, death
Chronic: mastitis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, arthritis
Transmission: Direct/Indirect contact with infected fluids/milk
Diagnosis: PCR of infected milk or joint fluid, ocular swabs
Control: Antibiotics and vaccines available but fairly ineffective, pasteurize milk before feeding young/good milking hygiene, cull or isolate infected animals

Question 2

Congenital Malformations

Answer 2

Any malformation that an animal was born with, Facial and Cardiac most common, decide how to proceed based on quality of life, if it was inherited, if it is lethal, etc.

Question 3

Choanal Atresia

Answer 3

• Most common congenital defect in llamas and alpacas
• failure of inner nares (choanae) to open during embryonic development on 1 or both sides
• respiratory distress (mouth breathing) failure to nurse, and aspiration pneumonia
• diagnosed with mirror fog test, inability to pass catheter through nasal passage, or imaging.
• surgical correction available but often not pursued

Question 4

Wry Face

Answer 4

-Slight (<5) to Severe (>60) deviation of maxilla +/- similar deviation of mandible
- Usually occurs in conjunction with choanal atresia
- airflow obstruction and dental malocclusion
-euthanasia recommended in severe cases

Question 5

Juvenile cataracts

Answer 5

reduced vision or complete blindness

Question 6

Waardenburg syndrome

Answer 6

association between deafness and white fur/blue eyes in animals due to neural crest cell defect during embryonic development

Question 7

Ventricular Septal Defect

Answer 7

• Most common cardiac defect
• Hole in wall between ventricles causing abnormal blood flow
• Can cause a murmur
• Heart failure and poor vascular perfusion in severe cases (cyanotic (blue) mm, collapse, weakness, cold extremities)

Question 8

Angular Limb Deformities

Answer 8

-Most common musculoskeletal deformity
-Valgus: lower legs turn out
-Varus: lower legs turn in
-Many mild cases improve over time
-severe cases may require corrective bandaging +/- surgery

Question 9

Syndactyl

Answer 9

fused digits

Question 10

Polydactyl

Answer 10

extra digits

Question 11

Atresia Ani and Atresia Coli

Answer 11

-Anus not formed or part of colon unformed
-Bloat and depression in first few hours of life, signs of colic, no passing of meconium
-sometimes surgery, usually recommend euthanasia
-Atresia Coli usually diagnosed during necropsy

Question 12

Overo lethal white foal syndrome

Answer 12

-Autosomal recessive disease primarily in paint horses
-ileocolonic aganglionosis (underdeveloped digestive tract)
-all white fur, pink skin, blue eyes, possible deafness, signs of colic shortly after birth, no treatment
-genetic testing available for heterozygotes

Question 13

Freemartin Syndrome

Answer 13

-Sterility in females born w/ a male twin (mostly cattle, also sheep, goats, and camelids)
-92% of heifers born w/ bulls are sterile
-varying levels of internal/external genital deformities (lack of ovaries, shortened vagina, etc.)
-confirm with physical and cytogenetic exam

Question 14

Umbilical hernias

Answer 14

-One of the most common congenital deformations across species
-failure to form abdominal wall/breakdown of abdominal wall at umbilicus
-hernia can contain abdominal organs, fat, and other tissues
-conservative treatment of stomach wrapping for mild cases
-surgery recommended for large hernias

Question 15

Anthrax

Answer 15

Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis