final exam Flashcards
ecological model
explains crime and deviance as a result of the relationship between people and their surroundings
3 problems with ecological approach
- not tested rigorously
- doesn’t examine corporate crime
- how do we define “disorganization”
nativism
a collective action involving hostility to preserve culture
the polish peasant in America
a book written by Thomas and Znaniecki about people having problems assimilating after immigrating leading to deviance by both sides
concentric zones model
theory describing how cities grow in rings from a central point and how deviance changes between the rings
who created the concentric zones model
Ernest burgess
5 concentric zones
- central business district
- transitional zone
- working class zone
- residential zone
- commuter zone
concentric zone with the most social problems
transition zone
what did stark argue
that we should pay closer attention to the city as a cause of crime
learning theory
criminal and deviant behaviour is learned
kornhauser’s 3 criticisms of learning theory
- no view on gender
- socialization is perfect and complete
- cultural variability is unlimited
punishments of learning theory
- imitative control
- group unlearning
- operant psychology
- aversion therapy
neutralization
the process in which an individual rationalizes behavior that is considered wrong
5 techniques of neutralization
- denial of responsibility
- denial of injury
- denial of victim
- condemning the condemners
- appeal to higher loyalties
denial of responsibility
forces behind their control
denial of injury
nobody has been clearly hurt by the act
denial of victim
rightful retaliation
condemning the condemners
shifts blame to those who disapprove of the action
appeal to higher loyalties
benefit of others rather than self
control theories
idea that people have internal and external controls that prevent them from deviating from social norms
who believed social bonding restrains most people from commiting crime
travis hirschi
4 components of a persons bond to society
- attachment (bond to others)
- commitment (conformity)
3, involvement (conventional behavior) - belief (in the law)
self control theory
aging combined with low self control levels best explain crime and deviance
labeling theory
society’s labels for individuals and groups can affect their behavior
who started labeling theory and argued deviance is in the eye of the beholder
Edwin lemert
conflict perspective
defines deviance in relation to the economy, poverty and need cause crime
what did bonger argue
economic conditions cause crime
disorganization
emphasizes structural and cultural factors to understand why minorities offend more than whites
culture conflicts
when different values, beliefs, and norms clash leading to disagreements and tensions within society
what did Thorsten Sellin believe was the cause of crime
culture conflict
what did Sykes and Matza believe
most people are incapable of perpetrating immoral or criminal acts because they have been socialized into conformity
what did Edwin Sutherland believe
crime is learned
what did burgess and akers believe
whether people learn good or bad behaviour, their actions are reinforced positively and negatively through enviornmental forces
what did cloward and ohlin argue
that criminology theories overlook criminal opportunity as a factor
what did Cohen and Nelson view as the cause of crime
the result of a motivated offender, suitable targets, and absence of a capable guardian
who believed we develop routines that increase our risk of victimization
Cohen and felson
what are the 4 elements of social bond
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
primary vs secondary deviance
primary is the initial act, secondary is the behaviour that results from labeling
moral panic
widespread fear that a group, person, or entity is a threat to society
what did Quinney believe
the state seeks to control the masses using the criminal justice system
