final exam

Question 1

ecological model

Answer 1

explains crime and deviance as a result of the relationship between people and their surroundings

Question 2

3 problems with ecological approach

Answer 2

1. not tested rigorously
2. doesn’t examine corporate crime
3. how do we define “disorganization”

Question 3

nativism

Answer 3

a collective action involving hostility to preserve culture

Question 4

the polish peasant in America

Answer 4

a book written by Thomas and Znaniecki about people having problems assimilating after immigrating leading to deviance by both sides

Question 5

concentric zones model

Answer 5

theory describing how cities grow in rings from a central point and how deviance changes between the rings

Question 6

who created the concentric zones model

Answer 6

Ernest burgess

Question 7

5 concentric zones

Answer 7

1. central business district
2. transitional zone
3. working class zone
4. residential zone
5. commuter zone

Question 8

concentric zone with the most social problems

Answer 8

transition zone

Question 9

what did stark argue

Answer 9

that we should pay closer attention to the city as a cause of crime

Question 10

learning theory

Answer 10

criminal and deviant behaviour is learned

Question 11

kornhauser’s 3 criticisms of learning theory

Answer 11

1. no view on gender
2. socialization is perfect and complete
3. cultural variability is unlimited

Question 12

punishments of learning theory

Answer 12

1. imitative control
2. group unlearning
3. operant psychology
4. aversion therapy

Question 13

neutralization

Answer 13

the process in which an individual rationalizes behavior that is considered wrong

Question 14

5 techniques of neutralization

Answer 14

1. denial of responsibility
2. denial of injury
3. denial of victim
4. condemning the condemners
5. appeal to higher loyalties

Question 15

denial of responsibility

Answer 15

forces behind their control

Question 16

denial of injury

Answer 16

nobody has been clearly hurt by the act

Question 17

denial of victim

Answer 17

rightful retaliation

Question 18

condemning the condemners

Answer 18

shifts blame to those who disapprove of the action

Question 19

appeal to higher loyalties

Answer 19

benefit of others rather than self

Question 20

control theories

Answer 20

idea that people have internal and external controls that prevent them from deviating from social norms

Question 21

who believed social bonding restrains most people from commiting crime

Answer 21

travis hirschi

Question 22

4 components of a persons bond to society

Answer 22

1. attachment (bond to others)
2. commitment (conformity)
   3, involvement (conventional behavior)
3. belief (in the law)

Question 23

self control theory

Answer 23

aging combined with low self control levels best explain crime and deviance

Question 24

labeling theory

Answer 24

society’s labels for individuals and groups can affect their behavior

Question 25

who started labeling theory and argued deviance is in the eye of the beholder

Answer 25

Edwin lemert

Question 26

conflict perspective

Answer 26

defines deviance in relation to the economy, poverty and need cause crime

Question 27

what did bonger argue

Answer 27

economic conditions cause crime

Question 28

disorganization

Answer 28

emphasizes structural and cultural factors to understand why minorities offend more than whites

Question 29

culture conflicts

Answer 29

when different values, beliefs, and norms clash leading to disagreements and tensions within society

Question 30

what did Thorsten Sellin believe was the cause of crime

Answer 30

culture conflict

Question 31

what did Sykes and Matza believe

Answer 31

most people are incapable of perpetrating immoral or criminal acts because they have been socialized into conformity

Question 32

what did Edwin Sutherland believe

Answer 32

crime is learned

Question 33

what did burgess and akers believe

Answer 33

whether people learn good or bad behaviour, their actions are reinforced positively and negatively through enviornmental forces

Question 34

what did cloward and ohlin argue

Answer 34

that criminology theories overlook criminal opportunity as a factor

Question 35

what did Cohen and Nelson view as the cause of crime

Answer 35

the result of a motivated offender, suitable targets, and absence of a capable guardian

Question 36

who believed we develop routines that increase our risk of victimization

Answer 36

Cohen and felson

Question 37

what are the 4 elements of social bond

Answer 37

attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief

Question 38

primary vs secondary deviance

Answer 38

primary is the initial act, secondary is the behaviour that results from labeling

Question 39

moral panic

Answer 39

widespread fear that a group, person, or entity is a threat to society

Question 40

what did Quinney believe

Answer 40

the state seeks to control the masses using the criminal justice system