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Theory in Psychology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Justice Framework

A

“Fairness considerations are moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong and what should and what should not be done” (p. 54)
-fairness
-based on moral beleifs
-what we should/ should not do

-Very abstract

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2
Q

At justices core

A
  1. concerns with fairness
  2. Emphasis on our perception
  3. evaluations of justice are subjective
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3
Q

Four Types of Justice

D.i.i.P

A
  1. Disruptive justice
    -has 3 principles
    -resource allocation & perceived fairness
  2. ** interactional** justice
    -interpersonal
  3. ** informational ** justice
    -truthfulness of explanations
  4. Procedural justice
    - the React to the Perceived Fairness.
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4
Q

four types of justice: Disruptive justice 3 principles

A
  1. Equality - everyone gets a equal size share
  2. Equity- things are divided up based on the contributions individuals make
  3. Need- things are divided up based on their individual needs
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5
Q

Perceiver

A

AKA the observer
- the one assessing the situation

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6
Q

3 Assumptions abt justice

A

1) Individuals try to make sense out of their social experience

2) Evaluations of injustice produce distress and tension

3) People want to relieve the distress by restoring psychological/ actual justice
- we need to right our wrongs

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7
Q

The Justice Model

PF.SF.JE.R

A
  1. Perceiver Factors
    ○ factors that influence the individual receiving injustice
  2. Situational Factors
    ○ Considering the situation itself impacts ur assessment
  3. Producing a justice evaluation - perceiver making sense of the situation
  4. Responding to the justice evaluation
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8
Q

Inclusive Fitness Theory

A
  • Argues we r more Altruism to ppl we share a genetic code to bc it ensures our genes will be passed down

-kin selection

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9
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Social Behavior as Having a Genetic Predisposition

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10
Q

Background Expectancies

A

-What the world should be like based on our socialization

○ i.e. Background Expectancies is standing backwards on a elevator: back to the door

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11
Q

Claims-Making Processes

A

-Pppl reframe things to get a specific response

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12
Q

Berger and Luckmann (1966)

Justice topic

A
  • Reality is Socially Constructed
  • Focus on common sense knowledge
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13
Q

Natural Attitude

A

○ We experience the world as a ongoing stream

○ we create our own reality: let us move into our world in a easy way

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14
Q

key role in Social Construction of Our Reality

A

language

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15
Q

Spector and Kitsuse (1977)

on Understanding Our Social Worlds

A

How we understand things as Problematic
- Claim making process

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16
Q

Ontological Gerrymandering

on Understanding Our Social Worlds

A

○ Woolgar and Pawluch (1985)
- Some things are relevant and others are not

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17
Q

Phenomenology

A
  • by Edmund Husserl
    -The world is made up of shared meanings
    -based off of philosphy
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18
Q

Skrapec (2001) Study

apart of devience

A

○ Studied serial murders in America using a Phenomenology perspective

○ What was not being done: looking at the lived experiences of the killers

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19
Q

2 main theory’s of self

A
  1. COOLEY AND LOOKING GLASS SELF
  2. MEAD’S THEORY OF SELF
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20
Q

The Self

A
  • we are aware of our selves
    -makes humans different from animals

Both passive and active
○ Active self: more impulsive, not following societal rules

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21
Q

Three Stages of Self Development

A
  1. Preparatory Stage – birth – AGE: 2-3
  2. Play Stage – AGE: 2-6
  3. Game Stag - age 7+
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22
Q

Three Stages of Self Development: Preparatory Stage

A
  • imitation stage
  • age: 2-3
  • they are following others, not much understanding
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23
Q

Three Stages of Self Development: Play stage

A
  • “playing house”
  • Age 2-6
    -kids can act in multiple roles, NOT at the same time
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24
Q

Three Stages of Self Development: Game stage

A

○ Kids starts to gain a social identity
-age 7+
-Language is key

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25
Q

the self: Active

A

more impulsive, not following societal rules

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26
Q

The I, The Me, and the Generalized Other

A

the I
- active self
the Me
-past, socialized self
The generalized other
- internalization of societal expectations

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27
Q

2 Theories of Identity

A
  1. Dramaturgy
  2. Social Identity
28
Q

Dramaturgy

A
  • HOW people accomplish meaning in their lives
29
Q

Origins of Dramaturgy

A
  • Kenneth Burke
    -created the 5 key terms
30
Q

the 5 key terms
A.A.A.S.P

In Dramaturgy by Burke

A
  1. Act
    § What is being done
  2. Agent
    § Who is preforming the act
  3. Agency
    § How the act is carried out
  4. Scene
    § The situation, environment
  5. Purpose
    § Why the act was done
31
Q

Goffman and the ‘Presentation of Self in Everyday Life’

A

· Uses theater as a term for everyday life

  1. Impression Management
  2. front and back stage
32
Q

Impression Management

A

○ We want to control the impressions we make to others of us

33
Q

George Herbert Mead theory

A

-the theory of self

34
Q

Front and back stage

A

○ Front: when we r with others, we are mindful of how we present ourselves

○ Back: when we strip down, we cant ever truly be in back stage if other ppl are there

35
Q

Henri Tajfel created what theory

A

social identity theory

36
Q

social identity theory

A

Having a Positive Self Concept

37
Q

Mini-Group Paradigm

A

· Series of experiments conducted by Tajfel

· Findings: boys primarily gave money to those belonging to their own group
- Even though they did not have strong ties in their groups, they would give money to boys in their own group

38
Q

Three Cognitive Processes - Tajfel

C.I.C

A
  1. Social Categorization
    ○ We define ppl based on their social categories
  2. Social Identification
    ○ You will behave how you think you should with that group
  3. Social Comparison
    ○ Gives a sense of social status, prestige, ‘we are better then you’
39
Q

Social Learning Theories
in deviance & criminal behavior

A
  • Criminal Behavior is Learned via Interactions & Associations with Significant Others
40
Q

Differential Association Theory – the 2 IMPORTANT Propositions

A
  1. “A Person Becomes Delinquent because of an Excess of Definitions Favorable to Violation of Law over Definitions Unfavorable to Violation of the Law”
  • the essence of the whole theory
    -That breaking the law is more favorable then not breaking it

2.Criminal Behaviour is Learned
-The core

41
Q

Deterministic

A

Assumes that ppl are passive actors, not much room for agency

42
Q

Differential Identification Theory - Glasers perspective

A
  • Personal Relationship Doesn’t Always Matter
    -AKA we can learn things through non-significant others
43
Q

Differential Reinforcement Theory

A
  • Created in response to criticisms of Differential association theory
  • We learn to be rational
44
Q

Differential Reinforcement Theory – 3 out of 7 Propositions

A

1) Criminal Behavior is Learned

2) Learned via Other ppl through Communication

3) The main source of reinforcement: ppl we have meaning connections to

45
Q

Differential Reinforcement Theory – Operant Conditioning

A

-Looked at how Behavior is Influenced by Reinforcements and Punishments
○ Positive Reinforcement
○ Negative Reinforcement
○ Positive punishment
○ Negative Punishment

46
Q

What is Stigma?

A

Social Interaction is KEY

47
Q

Virtual social identity

A

What is expected of us

48
Q

Actual social identity

A

○ What the individual is
○ The characteristic of the actual person

49
Q

Three Types of Stigma

D.D.T

A
  1. Discredited Stigma
    i.e. hair color stigma: blondes are not as smart
  2. Discreditable Stigma
    ○ Can be hidden, invisible
    ○ i.e. mental health, sexual identity
  3. Tribal Stigma
    ○ social category’s
    ○ Goffman understood it has something we can inherent
    ○ i.e. race, religion,
50
Q

Rethinking Stigma: Park and Aggleton (2003)

A

-Bring in social structure and discrimination
- stigma plays a key role of producing and reproducing power and control

51
Q

Rethinking Stigma: Link and Phelan (2001)

A

○ A co-occurrence of its components: labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination
-All of these things
○ For stigma to occur: power NEED to be exercised

52
Q

Sympathetic Other

A

the own and the wise

53
Q

Sympathetic Other: the own

A

○ Other ppl who are like u, belong to ur social category
○ They share the same stigma as u

54
Q

Sympathetic Other: the wise

A

○ Ppl who are aware of stigma and are considered normal but there are special situations that make them privy to the secret life of the stigmatized

55
Q

Courtesy Stigma

A

-occurs when a ‘normal’ individual is associated with someone who is stigmatized but who does not have their own spoiled identity

56
Q

prejudice

A

an attitude

57
Q

discrimination

A

the behavior

58
Q

stereotype

A

○ The way of seeing a certain group, typically negative

59
Q

classic Normative Approach

A
  • We Learn Prejudice and Discrimination Through Socialization
60
Q

Sherif and Group Norm Theory

A
  • Pressure to conform to the norms of the group

-To change ppls attitudes: focuses on the group, not the individual

61
Q

who did Contact Hypothesis/Intergroup Contact Theory

A

Gordon Allport

62
Q

what is Contact Hypothesis

A

-Prejudice reduced via equal status contact between majority and minority working toward common goals

-Strongest when the contact fosters the perception of shared interests and humanity.

-Central theme; intergroup contact

63
Q

Contact Hypothesis: Four Conditions

A

Need to be Met for a reduction in prejudice:

1.Equal Group Status
- The status of the groups being equal in that situation

  1. Common Goals
    • Working towards common goals
  2. Intergroup Cooperation
    -Interdependence of cooperation
  3. Authority Support
    • Some type of authority, institutional backing
64
Q

Pettigrew concern for Contact Hypothesis

A
  1. Causal Sequence Problem
    -A result of selection bias
  2. Unspecified Processes of Change Problem
    -Not enough attention to the social process, the how question
65
Q

Criticisms of Contact Hypothesis

A
  1. Increase instead of a Decrease in Negative Emotions
    -Further push the problem
  2. Disconnect Between Research and Everyday Life
    -much of this research is from experiments
    -often highly controlled: not realistic
66
Q

how social psych understands justice

A

-causes a emotional, behavior, cognitive response
&
-Based on OUR perception & interpretation, not based on the situation

Theory in Psychology (2 decks)

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