Final exam Flashcards
Justice Framework
“Fairness considerations are moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong and what should and what should not be done” (p. 54)
-fairness
-based on moral beleifs
-what we should/ should not do
-Very abstract
At justices core
- concerns with fairness
- Emphasis on our perception
- evaluations of justice are subjective
Four Types of Justice
D.i.i.P
-
Disruptive justice
-has 3 principles
-resource allocation & perceived fairness - ** interactional** justice
-interpersonal - ** informational ** justice
-truthfulness of explanations -
Procedural justice
- the React to the Perceived Fairness.
four types of justice: Disruptive justice 3 principles
- Equality - everyone gets a equal size share
- Equity- things are divided up based on the contributions individuals make
- Need- things are divided up based on their individual needs
Perceiver
AKA the observer
- the one assessing the situation
3 Assumptions abt justice
1) Individuals try to make sense out of their social experience
2) Evaluations of injustice produce distress and tension
3) People want to relieve the distress by restoring psychological/ actual justice
- we need to right our wrongs
The Justice Model
PF.SF.JE.R
- Perceiver Factors
○ factors that influence the individual receiving injustice - Situational Factors
○ Considering the situation itself impacts ur assessment - Producing a justice evaluation - perceiver making sense of the situation
- Responding to the justice evaluation
Inclusive Fitness Theory
- Argues we r more Altruism to ppl we share a genetic code to bc it ensures our genes will be passed down
-kin selection
Evolutionary Psychology
Social Behavior as Having a Genetic Predisposition
Background Expectancies
-What the world should be like based on our socialization
○ i.e. Background Expectancies is standing backwards on a elevator: back to the door
Claims-Making Processes
-Pppl reframe things to get a specific response
Berger and Luckmann (1966)
Justice topic
- Reality is Socially Constructed
- Focus on common sense knowledge
Natural Attitude
○ We experience the world as a ongoing stream
○ we create our own reality: let us move into our world in a easy way
key role in Social Construction of Our Reality
language
Spector and Kitsuse (1977)
on Understanding Our Social Worlds
How we understand things as Problematic
- Claim making process
Ontological Gerrymandering
on Understanding Our Social Worlds
○ Woolgar and Pawluch (1985)
- Some things are relevant and others are not
Phenomenology
- by Edmund Husserl
-The world is made up of shared meanings
-based off of philosphy
Skrapec (2001) Study
apart of devience
○ Studied serial murders in America using a Phenomenology perspective
○ What was not being done: looking at the lived experiences of the killers
2 main theory’s of self
- COOLEY AND LOOKING GLASS SELF
- MEAD’S THEORY OF SELF
The Self
- we are aware of our selves
-makes humans different from animals
Both passive and active
○ Active self: more impulsive, not following societal rules
Three Stages of Self Development
- Preparatory Stage – birth – AGE: 2-3
- Play Stage – AGE: 2-6
- Game Stag - age 7+
Three Stages of Self Development: Preparatory Stage
- imitation stage
- age: 2-3
- they are following others, not much understanding
Three Stages of Self Development: Play stage
- “playing house”
- Age 2-6
-kids can act in multiple roles, NOT at the same time
Three Stages of Self Development: Game stage
○ Kids starts to gain a social identity
-age 7+
-Language is key
the self: Active
more impulsive, not following societal rules
The I, The Me, and the Generalized Other
the I
- active self
the Me
-past, socialized self
The generalized other
- internalization of societal expectations
2 Theories of Identity
- Dramaturgy
- Social Identity
Dramaturgy
- HOW people accomplish meaning in their lives
Origins of Dramaturgy
- Kenneth Burke
-created the 5 key terms
the 5 key terms
A.A.A.S.P
In Dramaturgy by Burke
- Act
§ What is being done - Agent
§ Who is preforming the act - Agency
§ How the act is carried out - Scene
§ The situation, environment - Purpose
§ Why the act was done
Goffman and the ‘Presentation of Self in Everyday Life’
· Uses theater as a term for everyday life
- Impression Management
- front and back stage
Impression Management
○ We want to control the impressions we make to others of us
George Herbert Mead theory
-the theory of self
Front and back stage
○ Front: when we r with others, we are mindful of how we present ourselves
○ Back: when we strip down, we cant ever truly be in back stage if other ppl are there
Henri Tajfel created what theory
social identity theory
social identity theory
Having a Positive Self Concept
Mini-Group Paradigm
· Series of experiments conducted by Tajfel
· Findings: boys primarily gave money to those belonging to their own group
- Even though they did not have strong ties in their groups, they would give money to boys in their own group
Three Cognitive Processes - Tajfel
C.I.C
- Social Categorization
○ We define ppl based on their social categories - Social Identification
○ You will behave how you think you should with that group - Social Comparison
○ Gives a sense of social status, prestige, ‘we are better then you’
Social Learning Theories
in deviance & criminal behavior
- Criminal Behavior is Learned via Interactions & Associations with Significant Others
Differential Association Theory – the 2 IMPORTANT Propositions
- “A Person Becomes Delinquent because of an Excess of Definitions Favorable to Violation of Law over Definitions Unfavorable to Violation of the Law”
- the essence of the whole theory
-That breaking the law is more favorable then not breaking it
2.Criminal Behaviour is Learned
-The core
Deterministic
Assumes that ppl are passive actors, not much room for agency
Differential Identification Theory - Glasers perspective
- Personal Relationship Doesn’t Always Matter
-AKA we can learn things through non-significant others
Differential Reinforcement Theory
- Created in response to criticisms of Differential association theory
- We learn to be rational
Differential Reinforcement Theory – 3 out of 7 Propositions
1) Criminal Behavior is Learned
2) Learned via Other ppl through Communication
3) The main source of reinforcement: ppl we have meaning connections to
Differential Reinforcement Theory – Operant Conditioning
-Looked at how Behavior is Influenced by Reinforcements and Punishments
○ Positive Reinforcement
○ Negative Reinforcement
○ Positive punishment
○ Negative Punishment
What is Stigma?
Social Interaction is KEY
Virtual social identity
What is expected of us
Actual social identity
○ What the individual is
○ The characteristic of the actual person
Three Types of Stigma
D.D.T
- Discredited Stigma
i.e. hair color stigma: blondes are not as smart - Discreditable Stigma
○ Can be hidden, invisible
○ i.e. mental health, sexual identity - Tribal Stigma
○ social category’s
○ Goffman understood it has something we can inherent
○ i.e. race, religion,
Rethinking Stigma: Park and Aggleton (2003)
-Bring in social structure and discrimination
- stigma plays a key role of producing and reproducing power and control
Rethinking Stigma: Link and Phelan (2001)
○ A co-occurrence of its components: labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination
-All of these things
○ For stigma to occur: power NEED to be exercised
Sympathetic Other
the own and the wise
Sympathetic Other: the own
○ Other ppl who are like u, belong to ur social category
○ They share the same stigma as u
Sympathetic Other: the wise
○ Ppl who are aware of stigma and are considered normal but there are special situations that make them privy to the secret life of the stigmatized
Courtesy Stigma
-occurs when a ‘normal’ individual is associated with someone who is stigmatized but who does not have their own spoiled identity
prejudice
an attitude
discrimination
the behavior
stereotype
○ The way of seeing a certain group, typically negative
classic Normative Approach
- We Learn Prejudice and Discrimination Through Socialization
Sherif and Group Norm Theory
- Pressure to conform to the norms of the group
-To change ppls attitudes: focuses on the group, not the individual
who did Contact Hypothesis/Intergroup Contact Theory
Gordon Allport
what is Contact Hypothesis
-Prejudice reduced via equal status contact between majority and minority working toward common goals
-Strongest when the contact fosters the perception of shared interests and humanity.
-Central theme; intergroup contact
Contact Hypothesis: Four Conditions
Need to be Met for a reduction in prejudice:
1.Equal Group Status
- The status of the groups being equal in that situation
- Common Goals
- Working towards common goals
- Intergroup Cooperation
-Interdependence of cooperation - Authority Support
- Some type of authority, institutional backing
Pettigrew concern for Contact Hypothesis
- Causal Sequence Problem
-A result of selection bias - Unspecified Processes of Change Problem
-Not enough attention to the social process, the how question
Criticisms of Contact Hypothesis
- Increase instead of a Decrease in Negative Emotions
-Further push the problem - Disconnect Between Research and Everyday Life
-much of this research is from experiments
-often highly controlled: not realistic
how social psych understands justice
-causes a emotional, behavior, cognitive response
&
-Based on OUR perception & interpretation, not based on the situation
