Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
- Written by Olympe de Gouges
- Demanded gender equality & women’s political rights
- Challenged the exclusion of women from citizenship & equality in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Advocated for legal equality, education, & political representation
- Women’s rights remained largely unaddressed during the French Revolution
A
The Declaration of the Rights of Women
2
Q
- Enslaved Africans who revolted during the Haitian Revolution
- Fought for freedom & the abolition of slavery
- Key to the overthrow of colonial rule & Haiti’s independence
A
Black insurgents
3
Q
- Haiti’s repayment of debt to France after independence
- Payment for reparations to French slaveholders & foreign debt to France
- Economic strain of Haiti post-independence
- Late 18th to 19th centuries
- Debt limited Haiti’s economic freedom & stability
A
Haiti’s Double Debt
4
Q
- Society built on enslaved labor
- Societal structure dependent on slavery
- Central to economies like Saint-Domingue’s
A
Slave Society
5
Q
- Established by Toussaint Louverture
- Declared equality & abolished slavery
- Made Haiti a republic with central authority
- Excluded white landowners from political rights
A
1801 Haitian Constitution
6
Q
- French colonial administrators overseeing enslaved labor
- Managed plantations & enforced colonial economic systems
- Represented colonial control & exploitation
A
Commandeurs
7
Q
- Leader in the Haitian Revolution
- Former enslaved African
- Led slave revolts against French colonists
- Key figure in the fight for Haitian independence
A
Jean-François Papillion
8
Q
- Established labor laws in Haiti after independence
- Defined the conditions for work & forced labor systems
- Aimed to balance economic needs w/ newly freed Black workers’ rights
A
Oct 1800: Labor Code
9
Q
- Was captured by the French in 1802, ending his leadership of the Haitian Revolution
- Marked a turning point in the revolution, but his capture did not stop the fight for Haitian Independence
- Resulted from French attempts to regain control over the colony amidst political struggles
A
Arrest of Toussaint
10
Q
- Key plantation in Haiti linked to Toussaint Louverture’s early leadership
- Site of initial slave resistance & strategic revolutionary activity
- Represented the fight against slavery & colonial control
A
Bréda Plantation
11
Q
- Enslaved leaders guiding others to freedom during revolts
- Organized resistance & escape from slavery
- Key figures in the Haitian fight for independence
A
Conducteurs
12
Q
- Rarely addressed directly; tied to broader debates on morality, human rights, & societal roles
- Connected to issues of population control & labor exploitation
- Highlighted tensions between individual rights & societal needs
A
abortion
13
Q
- Free black leader in Haiti
- Advocated for equality & civil rights for free & enslaved African people
- Leader of the Ogé Rebellion (1790) in Saint-Domingue
- Demanded political equality for free men of color
- Captured & executed, symbolizing early resistance in the Haitian Revolution
A
Vincent Ogé
14
Q
- Abolished slavery in French colonies
- Established equality & civil rights for all
- Part of the French Revolution’s commitment to liberty & equality
A
Law of 16 pluviôse Year II, (February 4, 1794)
15
Q
- Shaped molds of refined sugar
- Commonly exported from Saint-Domingue
- Symbol of sugar trade & slavery
A
Sugar loaves
16
Q
- Analysis or interpretation of primary sources
- Created by someone not directly involved in the event
A
Secondary Source
17
Q
- Adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution
- Established equality, liberty, & individual rights
- Influenced by Enlightenment principles
- Defined freedoms & rights for all citizens
- Excluded women, slaves, poor, non-citizens, & marginalized groups
A
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
18
Q
- Study of women’s roles, experiences, & contributions in history
- Examines gender inequality, activism, & social movements
A
Women’s History
19
Q
- Commoners & working class of France
- Included peasants, artisans, & bourgeoisie
- Demanded political reform & equality during the French Revolution
- Taxed
A
Third Estate
20
Q
- Written works reflecting societal, political, & historical ideas
A
Literature
21
Q
- Wealthy white colonists in Haiti
- Held political & economic power
- Opposed reforms during the French Revolution
A
Grand Blanc
22
Q
- Free people of color in Haiti, often descendants of enslaved Africans
- Occupied a middle position between enslaved people & white colonists
- Key figures in the Haitian Revolution, advocating for equality & rights
A
ancien libres
23
Q
- Escape of enslaved people from plantations to seek freedom
- Often formed independent communities in remote areas
- Key part of resistance during slavery in Haiti
A
marronage
24
Q
- Haiti’s freedom from French colonial rule in 1804
- Result of the Haitian Revolution led by enslaved Africans
- First independent Black republic; abolished slavery
Key leaders: Toussant Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Date: January 1, 1804
A
Haitian Independence
25
Q
- Leaving a group of cause for another
- Common during the Haitian Revolution as alliances shifted
A
Defection
26
Q
- Financial district in New York City
- Key center for trade & banking during the Rev. period
- Influential in economic policies & funding for wars
A
Wall Street
27
Q
- Enslaved & free laborers working on plantations
- Key to Haiti’s agricultural economy & the colonial system
- Central to resistance movements & the Haitian Revolution
A
Cultivateurs
28
Q
- A central goal of revolutionary movements in France & Haiti
- Challenged slavery’s legitimacy, leading to debates on human rights (French Revolution)
- Directly tied to the fight for freedom & independence from colonial rule (Haitian Revolution)
- Globally inspired calls for freedom & equality in colonies & beyond
A
Abolition of Slavery
29
Q
- Governing body in Haiti promoting stability during revolutionary shifts
- Aimed to mediate conflicts & enforce unity among factions
- Attempted to balance race & class tensions during the Revolution
A
Council of the Peace and Union
30
Q
- Deadly disease spreading in the Caribbean
- Widespread during the Haitian Revolution
- Contributed to disease-related deaths & weakened revolutions
A
Yellow Fever
31
Q
- France previously allied w/ Spain during the French Rev. period
- Conflict primarily over territorial disputes & French expansion
- Added economic & military strain to France’s resources
A
War with Spain
32
Q
- Local governing body in French colonies
- Represented colonial interest & enforced French policies
- Played a key role in tensions leading to the Haitian Revolution
A
Colonial Assembly
33
Q
- External historical, or social context not directly from the source
- Used to support analysis or arguments in historical study
Ex: references to events, documents, or perspectives beyond the provided texts
A
Outside Information
34
Q
- Leader in Haitian Revolution
- Former enslaved African
- Declared Haiti’s independence in 1804
- First ruler of independent Haiti
A
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
35
Q
- Social & cultural roles of men & women
- Influence by race, class, & colonialism during the French Revolution
- Shaped slavery, labor roles, & social hierarchies in Haiti
A
Gender
36
Q
- Rebel uprising in Western France during the French Revolution
- Fueled by the royalist, religious, & anti-revolutionary sentiments
- Response to levy of troops, secular policies, & economic hardship
- Crushed by revolutionary forces w/ significant violence
- Symbolized deep regional resistance to the French Revolution
A
Vendée Uprising
37
Q
- Systematic study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, & values
- Influenced Enlightenment thought & the French Revolution ideals
- Emphasized reason, liberty, & equality
A
Philosophy
38
Q
- Workshops tied to colonial economies, often exploiting slave labor
- Haiti’s Role: Central to plantation production & resistance movements
- Symbol of Colonialism: Highlighted inequality & systemic exploitation
A
Atteliers
39
Q
- Governing body during the French Revolution
- Directed the war effort & enforced policies to maintain order
- Led by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror
A
Committee of Public Safety
40
Q
- Study of past events, societies, & cultures
A
History
41
Q
- 1795 to 1799
- The government following the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror
- Consisted of five directors & a bicameral legislation
- Characterized by corruption & political instability
- Overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799
- Marked a more moderate, but weak, political period
A
The Directory
42
Q
- French military police in Haiti
- Enforced law & order during colonial & revolutionary periods
- Monitored enslaved people & maintained colonial control
A
Maréchaussée
43
Q
- Abolitionist group advocating equality & freedom for enslaved people
- Supported civil rights & equality during the French Revolution
- Slow transition to freedom
A
Friends of Blacks
44
Q
- The clergy in pre-revolutionary France
- Exempt from taxes, held significant power
A
First Estate
45
Q
- Established in 1789 by the Third Estate during the French Revolution
- Aimed to create a constitution & represent common people
- Key political body in early stages of the Revolution
A
National Assembly
46
Q
- Original document or evidence from the time period studied
- Provides first-hand insights into historical events
Ex: speeches, letters, declarations, treaties
A
Primary Source
47
Q
- French General during the Haitian Revolution
- Led French forces to suppress the revolution in 1802
- His efforts failed, leading to Haitian independence
A
Charles Leclerc
48
Q
- French philosopher & writer, criticized colonialism & slavery
- Inspired revolutionary thought on human rights & liberty, impacting Haitian & French revolutionary ideologies
- Works highlighted the abuses of the colonial system
Doc 6: From the Philosophical & Political History of the Settlements & Trade of the Europeans in the East & West Indies
A
Abbé Raynal
49
Q
- 1791 destruction of the colonial city during the Haitian Revolution
- Sparked by enslaved people’s uprisings against slavery & colonial oppression
- Marked a turning point in the revolution, demonstrating the scale of resistance
A
Burning of Cap Français
50
Q
- Key leader in the Haitian Revolution
- Advocate for freedom & resistance against colonial rule
A
Étienne Polvolrel
51
Q
H - Historical context
I - Intended audience
P - Point of view
P - Purpose
O - Outside information
A
HIPPO Acronym
52
Q
- Assembly of representatives from the three estates (clergy, nobility, & commoners) in France
- Led to the French Revolution
A
Estates General
53
Q
- Fertile land for sugar production
- Key to the economy of Saint-Domingue
- Worked by enslaved laborers
A
Sugar Plains
54
Q
- A military force made up of Polish exiles
- Fought in support of revolutionary causes
- Allied w/ France during the French Revolution
A
Polish Legion
55
Q
- The group of people a document, speech, or work is designed to reach
- Influences tone, language, & purpose
Ex: citizens, political leaders, enslaved people, & revolutionaries
A
Intended Audience
56
Q
- Creative expression reflecting culture, beliefs, and history.
- Used to symbolize liberty and revolutionary ideals (e.g., Phrygian cap imagery).
- Depicted heroic figures and anti-slavery themes.
- Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and political upheaval.
- Reflected tensions between European colonial power and emerging independence movements.
A
Art
57
Q
- Enslaved individuals who purchased freedom or were freed
- Advocated for equality during the French Revolution
- Between enslaved people & white colonists
- Artisans, merchants, tradesmen, some owned small plots of land or worked on plantations, skilled services
A
Free People of Color
58
Q
- Term for newly freed African-descendant individuals in Haiti
- Emerged during Haitian Revolution & abolitionist movements
- Fought for equality & political rights amid colonial conflict
A
nouveaux libres
59
Q
- The reason or goal behind a document, action, or decision
- Drives political, social, & revolutionary movements
A
Purpose
60
Q
- Site of a Vodou Ceremony in 1791 that sparked the Haitian Revolution
- Unified enslaved people in their fight against slavery & colonial rule
- Represented resistance, spirituality, & the call for liberation
A
Boïs Caimen
61
Q
- Policy during the French Revolution
- Ordered merciless war against enemies to secure revolutionary ideals
- Aimed at crushing opposition through total mobilization & destruction
A
“war to the death”
62
Q
- Multinational financial institution
- Modern
A
Citi Bank
63
Q
- French civil commissioner in Haiti during the Revolution
- Abolish slavery in 1793
- Advocated for equal rights for enslaved people
A
Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
64
Q
- Study of how history is written & interpreted
- Various perspectives
A
Historiography
65
Q
- Region in Haiti known for coffee production
- Central to Haiti’s colonial economy & slavery system
- Represented the exploitation of enslaved labor under colonial rule
A
Coffee Mountains
66
Q
- The perspective, beliefs, & biases of the author
- Influences interpretation & presentation of historical events
A
Point of View of Author
67
Q
- Medicinal baths using sulfur vapor
- Treated illnesses, particularly enslaved workers’ health conditions
- Part of colonial medical practices in Haiti
- Aimed at combatting diseases & improving labor productivity
A
Fumigational-sulphurous baths
68
Q
- Seasonal period w/ heavy rainfall
- Affected agriculture & living conditions in Haiti
A
Rainy Season
69
Q
- French colonial law regulating slavery in the colonies
- Defined rights of enslaved people & duties of slave owners
- Enforced racial hierarchy & slavery in Haiti
A
Code Noir
70
Q
- Free man of color & political activist
- Advocated for equality & civil rights for free people of color in France
- Supported the abolition of slavery
- Key figure in revolutionary political struggles
A
Julien Raimond
71
Q
- French general during the Haitian Revolution
- Led French military forces in Haiti
- Key figure in maintaining French control during conflicts
A
General Donatien de Rochambeau
72
Q
- U.S. acquisition of French territory in 1803
- Doubled the size of the United States
- Result of France’s financial struggles following Haitian Revolution
A
Louisiana Purchase
73
Q
- Enslaved dogs sent by the British to suppress slave revolts in Haiti
- Used to hunt & attack enslaved people during uprisings
- Part of British efforts to maintain control over Haitian colonies during the Revolution
A
Attack dogs from Jamaica
74
Q
- Leader of the free people of color during the Haitian Revolution
- Opposed Toussaint Louverture, leading a rival faction in the fight for control of Haiti
- Symbolized the struggle for power between different racial & political groups in the revolution
A
André Rigaud
75
Q
- White colonists in Haiti
- Lower social status than Grand Blancs
- Often poor or landless
A
Pétit Blanc
76
Q
- French colonial interests & military campaigns
- Key in maintaining French influence in the Americas (Naval Power)
- Engaged in naval battles to control Haiti
- Faced financial strain & battles w/ British & Spanish navies
A
French Navy
77
Q
- French colony in the Caribbean
- Center of sugar production
- Site of the Haitian Revolution
- Modern-day Haiti
A
Saint-Domingue
78
Q
- Symbol of liberty & freedom during the French Revolution
- Red hat worn by revolutionaries
A
Phrygian Cap
79
Q
- Key stronghold during the Haitian Revolution
- Symbolized resistance against French colonial forces
- Sire of major battles in Haiti’s fight for independence
A
Crête-à-Pierrot fortress
80
Q
- Capital city of Haiti
- Key center during the Haitian Revolution
- Strategic location for political & economic activity
A
Port-au-Prince
81
Q
- Set of rigid ethical principles
- Influenced societal & political actions
- Shaped behavior during the French Revolution
A
Strict moral code
82
Q
- The social, political, & economic environment of a historical period
A
Historical Context
83
Q
- Study of gender roles, identities, & relations
- Examines race, class, & colonialism during the Haitian Revolution
- Explores women’s roles in slavery & revolution
A
Gender Studies
84
Q
- A political shift during the French Revolution
- Ended the Reign of Terror & the dominance of the Jacobins
- Marked by the arrest & execution of Robespierre
- Led to more moderate policies & reduced revolutionary violence
- Shifted power away from radical groups
A
Thermidorian Reaction
85
Q
- Major port city in Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti)
- Key center for trade, rebellion, & colonial administration
- Strategic location during the Haitian Revolution
A
Le Cap
86
Q
- Final battle of the Haitian Revolution in 1803
- Haitian victory secured independence from France
- Marked the end of slavery & colonial rule in Haiti
A
Battle of Vertières
87
Q
- Nobility of France under the Old Regime
- Exempt from taxes
- Privileged social class
A
Second Estate
88
Q
- Period during the French Revolution (1793-1794)
- Led by Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety
- Mass executions of perceived enemies to protect the revolution
A
Reign of Terror
89
Q
- Fought during the French Rev. period
- France allied w/ American colonists against Britain
- Aimed to weaken British influence & expand French power
- Contributed to financial strain & instability in France
A
War with Britain
90
Q
- Leader of unsalved revolts in Haiti
- Led resistance against French colonial rule
- Key figure in early Haitian Revolution
A
Georges Biassou
91
Q
- Leader of Girondins during the French Revolution
- Advocated for liberty & equality
- Supported war against Austria in 1792
- Key figure in revolutionary political debates
A
Jacques-Pierre Brissot
