Final Exam Flashcards
Mary breckinridge
founded frontier nursing service in 1925; introduced nurse-midwifery to US and founded frontier nursing service to improve health of children and families in remote areas; devoted life to improving health of children following death of her children; realized care must begin before birth
lemuel shattuck
statistician and public health innovator in mid 19th century; created systematic collection of health data and public health infrastructure in US; influential in creation of massachusetts state board of health
clara barton
founder of american red cross aid during emergencies; distributed supplies to wounded soldiers during civil war
dorothea dix
advocate for mentally ill; worked on creating asylums and creation of first generation mental asylums; lobbied state and federal officials to remedy the situation
lillian wald
founder of public health nursing; taught the importance of preventative care; developed columbia school of nursing
public health nursing interventions
surveillance, outreach, screening, case-finding, community organizing, policy enforcement
nursing intervention- surveillance
collect, analyze, interpret data on regular basis to diagnose problems in the community; monitors health events
nursing intervention- outreach
locates populations at risk, provides information, identifies possible actions and identifies access to services
nursing interventions- screening
identifies individuals with unrecognized risk factors; active or passive screening such as HIV, harm reduction, cancer screening
nursing interventions- case findings
locates individuals and families identified with risk factors and connects them to resources; referral makes connection to necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems or concerns; follow up assesses outcomes related to utilization of resources
nursing intervention- community organizing
bring residents, advocates, city officials, and industry to representatives to collab and address issues and develop strategies of action
levels of prevention
primary prevention- pre pathogenic; secondary prevention- early pathogenesis; tertiary prevention- pathogenesis, convalescence, and rehab
primary prevention
prevent injury or disease before they occur; avoiding the pathogen; maximize health and wellness; no signs of disease or challenges; examples are immunizations, tobacco prevention, STI prevention, using seatbelt
secondary prevention
aimed to reduce impact of disease or injury that has already occurred; planned effort to minimize impact of disease and injury once it has occurred; done via detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow progress; examples are mammograms, aspirins to prevent further heart attack or strokes
tertiary prevention
aim to soften impact of ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects; management and treatment of clients with chronic conditions; maintain quality of life despite condition may not be improving; examples are support groups for sharing strategies for living well, cardiac or stroke rehabs
SMART goals
specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound
social determinants of health
conditions in environments where people are born, live, work, play, worship, and age that affect wide range of health functioning , quality of life, and risks
5 domains of SDOH
economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context
health disparities
differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one population compared to another; can be related to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and can vary depending on population or condition
health equity
everyone has fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as possible regardless of race, ethnicity, religion, income, geography, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability
nursing interventions- case managment
coordination of plan or process to bring health services and self care capabilities of the client together as a common while in a cost effective way
safe protocol
screen, access resources, follow up, elective surgery; modifiable risk factors prior to elective surgery
epidemiological triad
host-> agent-> environment
agent
can be physical like heat, chemical like pollutants, nutritional deficiencies or excess, psychosocial like stress, or biological like bacteria/protozoa/virus/fungi/mold
host
organisms (usually human or animal) are exposed to and harbor a disease; may or may not get sick
environment
favorable surroundings and conditions external to the host that cause or allow the disease to be transmitted )ex. water environment or high heat can favor some agents)
modes of disease transmission
direct contact, indirect contact, airborne transmission, droplet transmission
portals of entry/exit
how infectious agents enter a host and how they leave; examples are skin, respiratory tract, conjunctiva, vertical transmission from parent to offspring
outbreak
the occurrence of disease cases in excess of normal expectancy
endemic
constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area
epidemic
significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experiences would have predicted for that place, time, or population; increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
pandemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time
emerging infectious diseases
newly identified, clinically distinct (novel) infectious disease; global threat that affects stability of nations and entire planet; developing nations with fewest resources to respond bear the greatest burden; ex. zika, ebola, COVID
antigenic drift
slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts; changes produce new viral stains that are fairly closely related to one another and may be recognized by the immune system
antigentic shift
sudden change in the molecular structure of DNA and RNA in microorganisms, resulting in new strain of microorganism, and people have little or no acquired immunity
steps in outbreak investigation
establish and verify diagnosis if reported cases- identify agent; search for additional cases- collect critical data and specimens; characterize cases by person place and time; formulate and test tentative hypotheses regarding possible causative factors; implement control measures to control outbreak; evaluate efficacy of control measures; communicate findings- prepare written report
cure violence
interrupt transmission directly, identify and change the thinking of potential transmitters (those at high risk of perpetrating crime), changing group norms regarding violence
components of violence
must meet four of the seven criteria: gang-involved, major player in a drug or street organization, violent criminal history, recent incarceration, reputation of carrying a gun, recent victim of a shooting, between ages of 16 and 25
intimate partner violence
consists of physical violence, sexual violence, or emotional violence; must report if under 18 or over 65?
IPV nursing role
recognizing IPV/DVA against women and in providing them practical, emotional and psychological support
IPV nursing interventions
SBIRT
screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment; evidence based practice used to identify reduce and prevent problematic use/abuse on alcohol and illicit drugs
SBIRT screening
healthcare professional assesses patient for risky substance use behaviors using standardized screening tools; may be used as simple way to identify patients who may have substance use problems without need for full diagnostic assessment
SBIRT- brief intervention
involves engaging a patient showing risky substance use behaviors in short conversation and providing feedback and advice
SBIRT- referral to treatment
provides those identified as needing more extensive treatment with access to specialty care
harm reduction
prioritizes minimization of harm over the elimination of substance use itself as complete abstinence may not be realistic or desirable for everyone; examples are needle exchange program, supervised consumption sites, overdose prevention education, access to treatment services
substance use
the act of using any legal or illegal substances
substance abuse
previously used to describe addiction or risky/dangerous use of one or more substances
substances use disorder
treatable mental disorder that affects a persons brain and behavior leading to the inability to control their use of substances
addiciton
neuropsychological disorder characterized by persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior
CRAFFT assessment
type of SBIRT used for adolescents to screen for drug or alcohol use; car, relax, alone, forget, family/friends, trouble; screening to identify risk of alcohol/drug abuse in
exposure pathwasy
5 parts- source, media and transport, point of exposure, route of exposure, receptor population
exposure pathway- source
contaminant source or place where the chemical was released
exposure pathway- media and transport
how the chemical might move or change in the environment, has the chemical contaminated other plants or animals
exposure pathway- point of exposure
where people could come into contact with the chemical; examples are outdoor or indoor air, drinking water, residential yards
exposure pathway- route of exposure
how the chemical enters the persons body such as ingesting the chemical or drinking
exposure pathway- receptor population
whether there are people in the community that could have been exposed
how climate change aff3cts health
heat related illness and death increases, vector-borne diseases may increase due to warmer climates, food security and malnutrition due to impacted rainfall, air quality decreases due to ozone and smog, population displacement such as rising sea level and extreme weather
urban social environment effects on PH
large disparities in socioeconomic status, higher rates of crime and violence, presence of marginalized populations with high risk behaviors, higher prevalence of psychological stressors that accompany the increased density and diversity of cities
urban physical environment effects on PH
lack of facilities and outdoor areas for recreation and exercise; air quality is often lower leading to chronic diseases like asthma
LBGTQ+ and mental health challenges
those with housing instability are 2-4x the odds of depression, anxiety, self-harm, considering suicide, attempting suicide compared to those without instabilities
barriers to access healthcare as LGBTQ+
mot accessing mental health care due to cost, could not get to location, parent/caregiver did not allow them to access mental health
rural populations effects on PH
poorer health status, less healthy lifestyle habits, exposure to workplace hazards, limited access to healthcare
rural populations social environment
rural elders have significantly poorer health status, smoke more, exercise less, nutritional deficient diets, more likely to be obese
rural populations physical environment
less likely to report sidewalks streetlights and access to public transportation, insufficiencies in built environment leading to decreased healthy habits like exercise, some workers are more likely to be exposed to hazardous chemicals and work environments
rural access to healthcare effects
rural residents have limited access to healthcare, underserved primary care, must travel substantial distance for health care, higher proportion of uninsured residents
7As and how they compound disease prevention
availability, accessibility, affordability, awareness, adequacy, acceptability, assessment
7 As- availability
insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers; lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure
7As accessability
shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation, cultural and geographic location
7As affordability
poverty and inability to pay for services
7As awareness
low levels of information discrimination, literacy issues
7As adequacy
lack of service standards and evaluation, evidence based practice compromised
7As acceptability
reluctance to ask for help
7As assessment
lack of basic information on what is needed using research rigor and analyses
nurse role in disaster prep
rapid assessment, triage, mass dispensing of preventative and curative therapies, community education,
