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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Human Existence

A

About 2 million years ago

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2
Q

Earths Age

A

4.5 billion years ago

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3
Q

How was the solar system formed?

A

nebula explosion caused material to combine and create planets

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4
Q

Mineral

A

naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical characteristic and physical properties

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5
Q

7 Mineral Properties

A
  1. Color
  2. Streak
  3. Lustre
  4. Way it breaks
  5. Hardness
  6. Crystal shape
  7. Specific Gravity
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6
Q

Color

A

not always helpful because one mineral can have many colors

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7
Q

Streak

A

color of powder left over

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8
Q

Lustre

A

shine/reflection

Metallic: silver, gold, shiny
Nonmetallic: 1: Vitreous (obsidian) 2: Dull 3: Adamantine brilliance

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9
Q

Way it breaks

A
  1. Cleavage: at least one flat surface
  2. Fracture: no flat surface
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10
Q

Hardness

A

Mohs scale: 1 (soft-talc) - 10 (hard-diamond)

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11
Q

Crystal Shape

A

diamond

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12
Q

Specific Gravity

A

density= mass/volume

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13
Q

Igneous rock

A

form from cooled magma or lava

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14
Q

Intrusive rock

A

cooled underground slowly, producing large grains

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15
Q

Extrusive

A

cooled above ground quickly, producing small grains

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16
Q

Identification of Igneous rocks

A

intrusive
extrusive
felsic: light
mafic: dark

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17
Q

3 Types of Sedimentary Rock

A

Clastic
Organic
Chemical

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18
Q

Clastic

A

formed when the particles that are weathered from other rocks are cemented together to form a new rock

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19
Q

Organic

A

formed from the remains of living things such as plants and animals

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20
Q

Chemical

A

formed when elements that were dissolved in water come out of solution

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21
Q

Formation sedimentary rock

A

rocks composed of small particles called sediments

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22
Q

Rock cycle

A
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23
Q

Formation of volcanoes

A

volcanoes form from lava plumes underneath the earths surface due to plant tectonics

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24
Q

3 types of volcanoes

A
  1. shield
  2. cinder
  3. composite
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25
Q

Shield cone

A

slopes 3-10 degrees
20,000ft high
Mafic

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26
Q

Cinder Cone

A

steep slopes
500 ft high
Pyroclastic

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27
Q

Composite cone

A

alternating felsic and mafic eruptions
20,000ft high

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28
Q

Felsic lava

A

violent (pyroclastic+gas), high in silica (viscous)

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29
Q

Mafic lava

A

lava + gas, low in silica (fluid)

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30
Q

3 materials released from volcanic eruption

A
  1. lava
  2. gas
  3. pyroclastic (solid rock)
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31
Q

Lava

A

molten rock WITHOUT trapped gasses found on the surface of earth

32
Q

Pyroclastics

A

combination of rock fragments and gasses that move violently

33
Q

Formation of metamorphic rocks

A

form from other rocks whose crystals have been realigned by heat and/or pressure

34
Q

Metamorphic rock characteristics

A

Foliation: banding stripes found in rock
Distorted structure: when foliation is cooked and wavy

35
Q

Relative age

A

the age of a rock or geologic event relative to other rocks and geologic events

36
Q

Absolute age

A

age of a rock based on radiometric dating

37
Q

contact metamorphism

A

when magma changes surrounding rock to metamorphic

38
Q

Radioactive decay

A

the use of radioactive elements and the knowledge of their decay rates to find the age of rocks

39
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

geologic process that occur today, occurred the same way in the geologic past

40
Q

Superposition

A

the bottom layer is the oldest, and the top layer is the youngest

41
Q

Original Horizontality

A

sedimentary rocks are originally deposited in flat, horizontal layers

42
Q

Meander

A

curve in a river, the outside move the fastest, while the inside is slower

43
Q

Deposition and erosion

A
  1. Dissolving material
  2. Hydraulic action: water itself loosens materials and carries them downstream
  3. Abrasion: solid materials in a stream loosen other solid materials by hitting into one another
44
Q

Flood plane

A

area next to river where there is no plants and is typically sand

45
Q

Levee

A

ridges of sediment deposited on either side of the river

46
Q

Oxbow

A

dried up meander

47
Q

Stages in stream development

A

Youthful stage: steep slope, no meanders, white water, no flood planes
Mature Stage: moderate gradient, small meanders, no white water, small flood planes
Old age Stage: no gradient, large meanders, no white water, large flood planes

48
Q

How is a glacier formed?

A

more annual snowfall than melt

49
Q

Alpine glacier

A

are formed in high elevations and move down due to gravity

50
Q

Continental glacier

A

large masses of ice that are the size of some large landmasses

51
Q

Northshore

A

Terminal moraine, deposits rock in front of glacier

52
Q

South shore

A

Outwash plane, material that is deposited by glacier water movement

53
Q

Lake Ronkonkoma

A

kettle lake, glacier melts and forms lake

54
Q

Earthquake origin

A

the shaking of the ground caused by movement along a fault by the movement of magma

55
Q

seismograph

A

tool to measure seismic waves

56
Q

seismogram

A

paper that reads the waves

57
Q

Richter scale

A

1-10 measures magnitude

58
Q

Mercalli Scale

A

i-xii damage caused by earthquake

59
Q

Effects of earthquakes

A

collapsing structures and tsunamis

60
Q

Dustribution

A

found at plate boundaries

61
Q

Lithosphere

A

rigid outmost layer of earth

62
Q

Asthenosphere

A

solid, liquidy layer that the plates move on

63
Q

Inner Core

A

innermost layer of earth and is made of nickel and iron

64
Q

Mantle

A

outer layer outside outer core, has crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere

65
Q

Outer core

A

only liquid layer of earths core

66
Q

Cause of plate movement

A

convection of the asthenosphere

67
Q

Seafloor spread

A

diverging plate movement

68
Q

subduction

A

one plate goes other another as they converge

69
Q

7 forms of evidence

A
  1. Shape of continents
  2. Matching rocks
  3. Fossil evidence
  4. Glacial striations
  5. Climatic
  6. Magnetic
  7. Mountains
70
Q

Shape of continents

A

fit like a jigsaw

71
Q

Matching rocks

A

rocks on opposite coastlines match

72
Q

Fossil Evidence

A
  1. Glossopteris: large ferns in all continents
  2. Mesosaurus: animal found on all continents
73
Q

Glacial striations

A

matching striations in Africa and South America prove they were closer to the poles

74
Q

Climatic

A

striations in africa and south America prove they were closer to the poles

75
Q

Magnetic

A

iron particles no longer point to magnetic north

76
Q

Mountains

A

mountain ranges in north america match those in norway and sweden because they were once together

77
Q

Mantle plumes

A

stationary column of magma that comes up from the mantle

Geology (2 decks)

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