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Biology: Genetics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes are:

A

the units of
inheritance

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2
Q

What makes up Living Organisms?

A

organs, tissues, cells, and
molecules

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3
Q

Feedback Regulation

A

the output, or product of a
process, regulates that very process

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4
Q

Evolution

A

The scientific explanation for both the unity and
diversity of organisms

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5
Q

Scientific Investigations

A

quantitative
observation, experimentation, and reasoning

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6
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

often unreliable, untested

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7
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, Questions, Hypothesis, Prediction, Testing

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8
Q

Negative Statement

A

that proposes that there is no
relationship between two factors

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9
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that states a lack of relationship
between two factors

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10
Q

Experimental Group

A

experiences the experimental
intervention or manipulation

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11
Q

Dependent Variable

A

is the measured
result of an experiment

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12
Q

Correlation

A

a consistent relationship between two
variables

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13
Q

What is matter?

A

All matter is made of
elements

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14
Q

Trace Elements

A

are required by an organism in
only minute quantities

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15
Q

Electron Shells

A

Rapidly moving electrons are outside the nucleus

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16
Q

pH = 7 to pH = 9?

A

pH = 7, 8, 9. 10 x 10 = 100
(more OH- basic “addition”)
(more H+ acidic “subtraction”
pH = 7, 6, 5.)

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17
Q

Atomic Mass is measured by

A

Daltons (Da)

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18
Q

Two isotopes of carbon:

A

Carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
Carbon-14 (14C) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

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19
Q

Electronegativity is

A

an atom’s attraction for the
electrons in a covalent bond.

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20
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

Bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms. No charges on atoms.

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21
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms. Partial charges on atoms.

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22
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Complete transfer of one or more valence electrons. Full charges on resulting ions.

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23
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A

If electrons are not evenly
distributed, they may
accumulate by chance in one
part of a molecule.

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24
Q

Hydrophilic Substance is

A

one that has an
affinity for water.

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25
Q

Hydrophobic Substance is

A

one that does not have
an affinity for water.

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26
Q

Acids raise

A

The concentration of H+ ions when
dissolved in water.

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27
Q

Bases produce

A

proton acceptors such as OH– ions
when dissolved in water.

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28
Q

pH of an aqueous solution is

A

defined as the
negative logarithm of the concentration of H3O+
ions.

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29
Q

Buffers are substances that

A

minimize changes in
concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution.

30
Q

Organic Molecules contain

A

C-C and C-H bonds

31
Q

Inorganic Molecules do not have

A

C-C and C-H bonds

32
Q

Monomers are

A

Composed of subunits

33
Q

Polymers link

A

Monomers together

34
Q

Complexes make up living things by

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

35
Q

Oligo- and polysaccharides are composed of

A

monosaccharides

36
Q

Energy is stored in

A

Fats and Oils

37
Q

Fatty acids can be

A

saturated or unsaturated

38
Q

Triglycerides are primarily

A

hydrophobic

39
Q

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form a

A

bilayer

40
Q

Steroids are

A

lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings

41
Q

Cholesterol is

A

a type of steroid, is a component in
animal cell membranes and a precursor from which
other steroids are synthesized

42
Q

Enzymes speed up

A

biochemical reactions known as catalysts

43
Q

Reactants are substrates

A

they bind to specific sites
on the enzyme—the active sites

44
Q

Polypeptides are

A

unbranched polymers built from
these amino acids.

45
Q

Secondary structure:
Hydrogen bonding between amino acids

A

α (alpha) helix
β (beta) pleated sheet

46
Q

Nucleic acids

A

store, transmit, and express
hereditary information

47
Q

A nucleotide consists of three components:

A
  1. Monosaccharides (the pentose)
  2. One to three phosphate groups
  3. A nitrogen-containing base
48
Q

Sugars (pentoses):

A

DNA contains deoxyribose
RNA contains ribose

49
Q

N-containing bases:

A

Pyrimidines—single rings
Purines—double rings

50
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

adenine with thymine (A-T)
cytosine with guanine (C-G)

51
Q

All of the organisms on your campus make up

A

A community

52
Q

Systems biology is mainly an attempt to

A

Understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts

53
Q

Which of these best demonstrates unity among organisms?

A

The structure and function of DNA

54
Q

A controlled experiment is one that

A

Tests experimental and control groups in parallel

55
Q

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

A

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

56
Q

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

A

The fish swam in a zigzag motion

57
Q

Which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

A

If my prediction turns out to be correct, my hypothesis is supported.

58
Q

Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has

A

One more neutron

59
Q

In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that

A

The element is required in very small amounts

60
Q

The reactivity of an atom arises from

A

The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

61
Q

Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions?

A

The atom has more electrons than protons

62
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?

A

The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

63
Q

We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons - for example, 2p+, 2n0, 2e- for helium. Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?

A

8p+, 10n0, 8e-

64
Q

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.

A

H2S

65
Q

What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products?

A

C6H12O6 > 2 C6H6O + 2 CO2

66
Q

Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?

A

Wax

67
Q

We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their

A

Number of molecules

68
Q

Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?

A

10-4 M

69
Q

What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake?

A

10-10 M

70
Q

A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water?

A

10C

Biology: Genetics (3 decks)

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