Final Exam Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Genes are:

the units of
inheritance

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What makes up Living Organisms?

organs, tissues, cells, and
molecules

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Feedback Regulation

the output, or product of a
process, regulates that very process

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Evolution

The scientific explanation for both the unity and
diversity of organisms

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Scientific Investigations

quantitative
observation, experimentation, and reasoning

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Anecdotal evidence

often unreliable, untested

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Scientific Method

Observation, Questions, Hypothesis, Prediction, Testing

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Negative Statement

that proposes that there is no
relationship between two factors

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Null Hypothesis

A hypothesis that states a lack of relationship
between two factors

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Experimental Group

experiences the experimental
intervention or manipulation

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Dependent Variable

is the measured
result of an experiment

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Correlation

a consistent relationship between two
variables

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What is matter?

All matter is made of
elements

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Trace Elements

are required by an organism in
only minute quantities

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Electron Shells

Rapidly moving electrons are outside the nucleus

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pH = 7 to pH = 9?

pH = 7, 8, 9. 10 x 10 = 100
(more OH- basic “addition”)
(more H+ acidic “subtraction”
pH = 7, 6, 5.)

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Atomic Mass is measured by

Daltons (Da)

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Two isotopes of carbon:

Carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
Carbon-14 (14C) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

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Electronegativity is

an atom’s attraction for the
electrons in a covalent bond.

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Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms. No charges on atoms.

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Polar Covalent Bond

Bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms. Partial charges on atoms.

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Ionic Bond

Complete transfer of one or more valence electrons. Full charges on resulting ions.

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Van der Waals Interactions

If electrons are not evenly
distributed, they may
accumulate by chance in one
part of a molecule.

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Hydrophilic Substance is

one that has an
affinity for water.

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Hydrophobic Substance is

one that does not have an affinity for water.

Acids raise

The concentration of H+ ions when dissolved in water.

Bases produce

proton acceptors such as OH– ions when dissolved in water.

pH of an aqueous solution is

defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of H3O+ ions.

Buffers are substances that

minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution.

Organic Molecules contain

C-C and C-H bonds

Inorganic Molecules do not have

C-C and C-H bonds

Monomers are

Composed of subunits

Polymers link

Monomers together

Complexes make up living things by

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Oligo- and polysaccharides are composed of

monosaccharides

Energy is stored in

Fats and Oils

Fatty acids can be

saturated or unsaturated

Triglycerides are primarily

hydrophobic

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form a

bilayer

Steroids are

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Cholesterol is

a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

Enzymes speed up

biochemical reactions known as catalysts

Reactants are substrates

they bind to specific sites on the enzyme—the active sites

Polypeptides are

unbranched polymers built from these amino acids.

Secondary structure: Hydrogen bonding between amino acids

α (alpha) helix β (beta) pleated sheet

Nucleic acids

store, transmit, and express hereditary information

A nucleotide consists of three components:

1. Monosaccharides (the pentose) 2. One to three phosphate groups 3. A nitrogen-containing base

Sugars (pentoses):

DNA contains deoxyribose RNA contains ribose

N-containing bases:

Pyrimidines—single rings Purines—double rings

Complementary base pairing

adenine with thymine (A-T) cytosine with guanine (C-G)

All of the organisms on your campus make up

A community

Systems biology is mainly an attempt to

Understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts

Which of these best demonstrates unity among organisms?

The structure and function of DNA

A controlled experiment is one that

Tests experimental and control groups in parallel

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

The fish swam in a zigzag motion

Which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

If my prediction turns out to be correct, my hypothesis is supported.

Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has

One more neutron

In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that

The element is required in very small amounts

The reactivity of an atom arises from

The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions?

The atom has more electrons than protons

Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?

The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons - for example, 2p+, 2n0, 2e- for helium. Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?

8p+, 10n0, 8e-

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.

H2S

What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products?

C6H12O6 > 2 C6H6O + 2 CO2

Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?

Wax

We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their

Number of molecules

Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?

10-4 M

What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake?

10-10 M

A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water?

10C