Final exam Flashcards
race vs ethnicity
RACE: a socially constructed concept with social consequences
ETHNICITY: shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more
minority groups vs majority groups
MINORITY GROUP: a definable category of people who are socially disadvantaged
MAJORITY GROUPS: a definable category of people are socially advantaged
2 components of minority group
- Lack of social power
- Distinct definable character from the majority group
Stereotypes, prejudice, Discrimination, Racism
STEREOTYPES: ovserimplified ideas about groups of people
- Positive stereotypes (ex. Asian kids are good at math) (still damaging) vs negative stereotypes (“you dont look Persian”)
PREJUDICE: a negative judgment about a person or group, long-lasting and not based on fact
-ECOLOGICAL FALLACY: using a generalized characteristiuc to describe an entire community (“You don’t look Persian”)
- EXCEPTIONAL FALLACY: using one exceptional situation/individual and applying it to everyone (“my professor is Persian, therefore, all professors are Persian”)
DISCRIMINATION: actions that deny or grant advantage to members of a particular group
RACISM: a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief thay one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
- INDIVIDUAL RACISM: happens day-to-day, face to face
- INSTITUTIONAL RACISM: a society that is built on a discriminatory foundation as part of state policies implementation on a different group of people (policies that can be directly or indirectely racist) (ex. censorship)
types of discrimination
- INDIVIDUAL DISCRIMINATION: occurs when an individual advantages or disadvantages another because of that person’s group membership (ex. Not getting a job based on disability)
- DIRECT INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION: it occurs when an institution employs policies and practices that are discrimination against a person or group (actively not letting people participate in your group)
- INDIRECT INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION: when individuals are treated differently based on unlawful criteria, even though this action was never intended to be discriminatory (not meant to be discriminatory) (ex. Banning religious symbols in public)
white privilege
WHITE PRIVILEGE: the benefits people receive simply by being part of dominant group
democratic racism vs institutional racism
DEMOCRATIC RACISM: a system that advocates equality but perpatuates minority differentiation an oppression (setting groups ahead of others, racist language)
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM: a society that is built on a discriminatory foundation as part of state policies implementation ona different group of people
Race and Ethnicity in Canada: Indigenous people (Royal Proclomation + Indian Act + Residential schools)
1763: Royal Proclomation
- Colonization
1876: Indiant Act
- Civilizing (Indigenous population) policies
- Denying Indigenous people many basic rights (ex. Hiring a lawyer, denial to the right to vote municipally federally and provincially, education, language)
19th century: Residential schools
- Process of getting rid of Indigenous identity
- Stipped of language (a big part of culture)
- Losing connection with ancestor and ethnic idenitity
- Kidnapping Indigenous children
- SETTLER SOCIETY: a society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Aboriginal inhabitants
4 stages of colonialism
1) Mutual relationship
- Colonizers building a relationship with Indigenous people that were already there
- Indigenous people giving colonziers advice of how to survive their territory
2) Economic reliance on the colonial economy and loss of autonomy
- colonizers dominating Indigenous culture through relying on them for trade
3) Establishment of reserves
- pushing Indigenous people aside to claim the land civilizing the people
- introducing eurocentric ideas
4) Political mobilization and resistence
- Slow process of decolonization
- Discussing how to provide more opportunities for Indigenous population
- Discussing how to address the generational trauma that is happening
- “To civilize and educate the children properly, we must separate them from their families”
Race and Ethnicity in Canada: Black Canadian
1834: the Abolition of slavery act
- Canada banned slavery and many American slaves had the opportunity to come to Canada to find freedom
Underground railroad
- Nova Scotia (experienced rejection, lack of acceptance)
- Africville (Black population in Nova Scotia)
- NS destroyed the entire city without anything to gain— called their homes a slum
Immigration reform
- Introduction of work visa
- Seasonal agricultural worker
- Domestic worker program
Equal but separated
- Residential segregation
- Occupation seggregation
Black people in BC
- Miffin Gibbs (1823-1915)
- First Black mayor of BC
- First Black city counsellor
- Created racial tension
- Denial of access to white only events
- Gibbs was denied access to white only events, so he left
Race and Ethnicity in Canada: Asian Canadian
1904: the first South Asian’s who were only Indian Sikh
- Their langiage was “not needed”; worked in places predominantly english speaking
1908: the second wave of South Asian migration (90% Indian Sikh)
Orientalist stereotypes and lack of suitability to be Canadian citizens
- “Unfit for full citizenship. They are nearly allied to a servile class that they are obnoxious to a free community and dangerous to the state” (denied the Asian population to vote)
- Chinese head tax (1885-1923)
- Canada wanted to maintain their white identity and prevent Chinese from bringing their wives to Canada
- Canada increased their ?price to enter Canada?
- Japenese internment camps (1914-1949)
- Sold their properties and liquidated their assets to put them in these camps post Pearl Harbour
- South Asia’s $200 financial assets and direct ticket from India
Kogmata Maru in 1914 - Indian passengers were kept on the ship for 2 months because they weren’t allowed on Canadian soil
- They were sent back to India
model minority
MODEL MINORITY: the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protesting the majority establishment
e.g. The success of some groups of Asian American immigrants is often held as an example toward which other groups should strive
Genocide, Expulsion, Segregation (de
jure/de facto)
GENOCIDE: the deliberate anhilation/elimination of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
EXPULSION: when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area of the country (got the idea from treatment of Indigenous people from Canada)
- Ex. Holocaust
SEGREGATION: the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
- DE JURE SEGREGATION: segregation that is legally introduced and enforced
- Ex. reserves (divide between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Canada)
- Ex. Nova Scotia and Ontario segregation
- DE FACTO SEGREGATION: segregation that occurs without laws because of other factors
- Ex. Africville
assimilation + 4 criteria os assimilation
ASSIMILATION: the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
4 criteria of assimilation:
1. Socioeconomic status
2. Spatial concentration
3. Language assimilation (ex. Having to learn english in canada to go to work/school)
4. Intermarriage
integration
INTEGRATION: when different groups come together and shape society
- the process by which minority groups become part of mainstream society to create a cohesive experience
- becoming a part of society without losing your cultural identity
multiculturalism + Kymlicka’s three methods of multicultural group-specific rights
MULTICULTURALISM: the recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures
Kymlicka’s three methods of multicultural group-specific rights:
- 1. Self-government rights (to ensure resources to be available for their community) (own right to have mini governments within main governments) (ex. ICC within the Canadian system)
- 2. Polyethnic rights (ex. If there’s a political right to wear a hijab, you should be able to wear a hjiab) (rights to preserve identity)
- 3. Special representation rights (political representation for ethnic groups) (ex. Policemen being able to wear turbans instead of a hat- this was a right instituted through the Multicultural Act)
hybridity
HYBRIDITY: the process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices
social psychology (Theoretical approach to race and
ethnicity) (scapegoat theory + authoritative personality theory + cultural theory + social distance + culture of prejudice)
SCAPEGOAT THEORY: a theory stating that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group
- Ex. blaming immigrants for housing crisis, but in reality its the fault of big coroporations
- Ex. during covid misplacing anger on minority group- Asians, and blaming them
AUTHORITATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY: prejudice is a personal trait of people who strongly believe in following cultural norms, traditions, and values
- Ex. Trump is the typical American man
- Ex. Doug Ford
CULTURAL THEORY: the assertion that some prejudice is health and part of culture
SOCIAL DISTANCE: relative distance people feel between themselves and other racial/ethnic minorities
- Ex. seeing ourselves as different and seaprating ourselves from each other
CULTURE OF PREJUDICE: a value system that promotes prejudice, discrimination, and oppression
- Ex. “at least Trump says it how it is”
functionalism (Theoretical approach to race and
ethnicity) (function of racial hierarchy)
Function of racial hierarchy
- “Racism is benefical to society and the dominant group as it provides them with further privelges and resources”
The eventual dysfunction of the racial hierarchy
- Seeing people asking for their right as a social problem
- “A little bit of racism is okay until it starts to turn into a dysfunction”
Construction of ethnic and racial group
- Community cohesion when encountering marginalization by the dominant class
- Economic benefits
- Political benefits
critical race theory (post-colonialism + intersectionality theory)
CRITICAL RACE THEORY: an interdisciplinary approach that investigates the intersection of race, class, ethnicity, gender, and sexualiaty to explain perjudice and dscrimination
- Understanding race from a very critical angle
- Race is a social construct
POST-COLONIALISM: the colonial past of a nation shapes the social, political, and economic experience of the colonized country
- Foundation of ciritcal race theory (crt builds its ideas on post-colonialism)
INTERSECTIONALITY THEORY: inability to separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attribtutes
- Something always changing and moving that guves us opportunity in one place, and disdavntage in another place
- Certain privileges and how we can use those privileges to help others
- Everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and privilege
- Your access to resources is limited/expanded based on your identity, how you express yourself, your values, your citizenship status, etc.
symbolic interactionism (herbert blumer + 4 feelings experienced by the dominant group)
Hebert Blumer and the construction of a prejudiced culture
4 feelings experienced by the dominant group:
- 1. Feeling of superiority
- 2. Feeling that the subordinate race is intrinsically different and alien
- 3. Feeling of proprietary claim to certain areas of privilege and advantage
- 4. Fear and suspicion that the subordinate race harbours designs on the perogatives of the dominant race (ex. “And now this whole neighbourhood will be infiltrated with women who wear hijabs)
- Ex. your new neighbour wears a hijab
gender, sex
SEX: the physical or physiological differences between female, mae, and others
GENDER: social and cultural distinction that relates to the diversity of femininity and masculinity
SEXUALITY: sexual orientation and sexual acts
gender identity, cisgender, transgender, gender queer
GENDER IDENTITY: an individual’s sense of being on the spectrum of feminine and masculine
CISGENDERED: individuals whose gender identity matches the gender assigned at birth
TRANSGENDERED: individuals identifying with a gender that is not assigned to them at birth
GENDER QUEER: those who do not identify with conventional gender identity, and many times they identify with neither, both, or variation of female and male genders
Dominant discourse of gender (Hegemonic Masculinity, Emphasized femininity)
HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY: the normative ideal of dominant masculinity
- Men are in a position of dominance
- Ex. advertisement with guy hanging from cliff and drinking milk
EMPHASIZED FEMININITY: the normative ideal of femininity based on a woman’s compliance with their subordination to men
- Woman are in a position of subordination/supportive role
- “Create a safe space for the husband and uplift him”
gender and socialization (patriarchy, gender stereotypes, sexism + factors of gender socialization)
PATRIARCHY: set of institutional structures which are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories
- Views strictly only 2 genders
GENDER STEREOTYPES: overgeneralization of gender characteristics that lead to sexism
- Ex. women are weak, men are strong ; women are emotional, men are tough
SEXISM: the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another
1) Family
- First agent of socialization
- Feminine chores vs masculine chores
- Gendered restrictions (different curfews, different outfits, double standards)
- Ex. gender reveal parties
2) Education
- Gender segregation (ex. Only talking to girls about periods)
- Educational divide
- Ex. girls are being pushed to be more ambitious in school and work in service industries and care sectors where as boys are encouraged to be more involved in mathematics and making mistakes
- Ex. more women being teachers and nurses because women are socialized to work in those opportunities
4) Peer group
- Gender nonconformity and isolation (unable to conform to gender norms creates isolation within peer groups)
- Harsher sanction for boys
5) Mass media
- Typecasting women
- Gendered advertisement
- Ex. Andrew Tate
social stratification & inequality (pink-collar vs blue-collar jobs, reasons for gender gap, stratification)
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: A society’s hierarchical ranking of people into social classes
STRATIFICATION: a system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social ressources
- Unpaid domestic labour
- “The second shift”: after the first actual paid shift and the “shift” they do at home (mainly women are responsible)
PINK-COLLAR JOBS: female dominated jobs, more in the care industry (ex. Dental assistant, early childhood educators)
BLUE-COLLAR JOBS: male dominated jobs, better paid/more celebrated jobs (ex. mechanics, engineers, miners)
Four reasons for the gender gap:
1) gender discrimination in hiring and salary
2) women and men are concentrated in positions that were encouraged by the early education of children
3) unequal distribution of unpaid domestic duties among genders
4) devaluation of pink-collar positions (seen as lower)
INTERSECTIONALITY: the simultaneous influence of multiple social relations, including race, gender, ethnicity, and class
structural functionalism (Theoretical Perspectives on Gender) (public & private sphere, talcott parson, function of husbands as breadwinner and wife as homeaker)
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPHERE: Gendered division of labour
- Women were physically strained due to pregnancy and child-rearing
- Discussion of division of labour occurred after WWII
Talcot Parson
- Saw a clear divide in the household roles
- Saw function of the husband as a breadwinner and the wife as homemaker
conflict theory (Theoretical Perspectives on Gender)
Power relationship and access to social ressources
- Dominant group oppressing and exploiting the subordinated group
feminist theory (Theoretical Perspectives on Gender) (bifurcated consciousness)
Domestic vs public sphere (limit women’s access to economic independence) (gap between private life and task and duties in public sphere)
BIFURCATED CONSCIOUSNESS: the experience of a division between the directly lived, bodily world of women’s lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt
symbolic interactionism (Theoretical Perspectives on Gender) (west and zimmerman’s doing gender)
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM: symbolic representation of femininity and masculinity
- Selfish mothers from the 70s (working mom) vs hard working mothers in the present times (also working mom)
West and Zimmerman’s doing gender
- Gender as a social construct that actively and purposefully surfaces in everyday human interaction
post-structuralist theories (Theoretical Perspectives on Gender) (judith butler’s gender performance + gender discourse)
Judith Butler’s gender performance
- “Gender isn’t something we do, it is something we perform”
- Repeating/performing your gender expectation until it becomes your norm/expectation
Gender discourse
- Gender and sexuality are socially reconstructed
sexuality
SEXUALITY IDENTITY: our sense of self as a sexual being, our sense of attraction to potential others, our knowledge of our bodies, our sexual history, and our sexual preference
Alfred Kinsey and Seven-point scale
Alfred Kinsey developed the Kinsey Scale, a seven-point scale that describes a person’s sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual, homosexual, asexual)
Charmed Circle and outer limit (Sexual norms and values + Influenced by family, education, peers, media, and religion + Sexual Double Standard)
CHARMED CIRCLE: represents the accepted or privileged ways of having sex
OUTER LIMIT: represents the shamed or transgressive ways of having sex
- Sexual norms and values
- Influenced by family, education, peers, media, and religion
SEXUAL DOUBLE STANDARD: a concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men
