Final Exam Flashcards
Bio-psycho-social phenomenon
Addiction influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
What is addiction
Strong need for substance or activity despite harm.
Psychoactive Drug
Substance affecting brain function and mood.
Physical Dependency
Body requires drug for normal functioning.
Psychological Dependency
Emotional need for drug use, causing distress.
Compulsive Behaviour
Repetitive actions to alleviate anxiety or control thoughts.
Addiction 4 C’s
Craving, Loss of control, Compulsion, Consequences.
Depressants
Substances reducing CNS arousal and activity.
Opioids
CNS depressants masking pain and suppressing cough.
Stimulants
Substances increasing cerebral cortex activity and mood.
Hallucinogens
Agents disrupting perception, cognition, and mood.
Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Medications altering neurotransmitter activity for mental illness.
Psychotherapeutic agents
CNS drugs affecting mood and behavior with side effects.
Neurophysiology
Study of nervous system function measurement and assessment.
Fundamental Neurotransmitters
Key chemicals affecting mood and behaviour.
Tolerance
Need for increased drug amounts for same effect.
Withdrawal
Physical disturbances after sudden drug discontinuation.
Pharmacodynamics
Study of drug effects and body responses.
Pharmacokinetics
Drug administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination.
Distribution
Drug spread through bloodstream to body parts.
Breakdown and Elimination
Drug metabolized and removed from body.
Five Dimensions
Stages of addiction: Commencement, Maintenance, Escalation, Cessation, Recommencement.
Theoretical Orientation
Sociological theories link drug use to social factors.
Biological Factors
Genetic and physiological influences on addiction.
Psychological Factors
Mental health issues affecting addictive behaviours.
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one’s ability to resist addiction.
Prevention Levels
Primary Prevention:
Aims to prevent initial substance use.
Secondary Prevention:
Targets individuals experimenting with substances.
Tertiary Prevention:
Focuses on reducing harm from established use.
Stigmatization
Negative labeling of substance users in society.
Pharmacological Therapies
Medications used to treat addiction and withdrawal.
Behavioural Approaches
Therapies aimed at changing addictive behaviours.
Harm Reduction
Strategies minimizing negative consequences of drug use.
Transtheoretical Model
Stages of change in overcoming addiction.
Mutual Aid
Support groups aiding recovery through shared experiences.
Psychoactive Substances
Drugs affecting mental processes and behavior.
Sociological Theories
Social factors influencing addiction, like peer pressure.
Family Programming
Involvement of family in prevention and treatment.
Case Studies
Real-world examples analyzing prevention program effectiveness.
Addiction
A chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain.
Compulsive behaviour vs. Addiction
Compulsive behaviour is often linked to a need to reduce stress or discomfort, while addiction typically involves both physical and psychological components of dependence
Families of psychoactive drugs
Drugs are categorized into depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids, each with distinct effects on the brain and body.
Long-term alcohol use
Implications include liver damage, brain impairment, and emotional distress.
Opioids vs. depressants
Opioids are often more hazardous due to their potential for overdose and highly addictive nature.
Stimulants
Icrease brain activity, elevate mood, boost alertness, and delay fatigue.
Examples: cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, decongestants, nicotine, khat, betel, caffeine.
Hallucinogens
Disrupt perception, cognition, and mood.
Examples: LSD, ecstasy, ketamine, cannabis.
Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Alter neurotransmitter activity to affect mood and behaviour.
Classes: anxiolytics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics
Psychoactive Drugs
Affects brain function, leading to changes in mood, thoughts, and behaviour.
Examples: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, certain pain medicines.
Psychotherapeutic Agents
Affect the CNS to alter mood and behaviour, used to treat mental illness, but may have unpleasant side effects.
Examples: antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers.
Opioids
Pain-relieving drugs that work by affecting the brain’s opioid receptors. They can create feelings of euphoria but are also highly addictive.
Examples: heroin, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl.
Depressants
Slow down brain activity, leading to relaxation, drowsiness, and reduced anxiety. They can impair coordination and judgment.
Examples: alcohol, benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium), barbiturates.
Fundamental Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Endocannabinoids
Endorphins
Gamma- aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Neurophysiology
Studies nervous system function to diagnose and monitor disorders.
How a substance enters the bloodstream after administration
The process of eliminating substances from the body is called _____.
excertion
describes the process of distribution in the context of substance use
the movement ty of a substance through the bodies tissue and organs
The processes describes how a substance enters the bloodstream after administration?
Absorption
Describes the concept of codependency in relationships?
When an individual constantly sacrifices their own needs to support another’s addiction
Economic Implications of Drug Use
Globally: The economic burden of drug use includes healthcare costs, lost productivity, and criminal justice costs.
Nationally (Canada): The financial impact includes healthcare spending on addiction treatment, law enforcement, and loss of workforce productivity.
Addiction in North America vs. Other Parts of the World
North America faces higher addiction rates partly due to greater access to psychoactive drugs, socioeconomic factors, and a culture that may promote substance use. Health systems may also be less focused on prevention and treatment in some regions.
Factors Influencing Drug Dependence
Define compulsive behavior in the context of addiction.
Compulsive behaviour is repetitive behaviour performed to minimize anxiety or control obsessive thoughts, often disregarding negative consequences
Describe the effects of depressants on the central nervous system (CNS).
Depressants produce a reduction of arousal and activity in the central nervous system.
What are opioids and their function?
Opioids are a specific subgroup of CNS depressants that can mask pain and suppress cough, mimicking endorphin neurotransmitters
Describe the effects of stimulants on the cerebral cortex.
Stimulants produce a general increase in the activity of the cerebral cortex, leading to mood elevation, increased vigilance, and the postponement of fatigue.
List some examples of stimulants.
Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, decongestants, nicotine, khat, betel, and caffeine
Provide examples of hallucinogens.
LSD, ecstasy, ketamine, and cannabis
Identify the four major classes of psychotherapeutic medications.
Anxiolytics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics
Give examples of psychoactive substances.
Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines.
What are some common types of psychotherapeutic agents?
Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers
What is the significance of neurophysiology in medicine?
Neurophysiology helps diagnose and monitor the progress of nervous disorders
List fundamental neurotransmitters.
Dopamine, endocannabinoids, endorphins, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
What is withdrawal in the context of drug use?
Withdrawal refers to the development of physical disturbances or illness when drug use is suddenly discontinued, often resulting in effects opposite to those of the drug
Describe pharmacokinetics in relation to psychoactive drugs.
Pharmacokinetics is a part of pharmacology that deals with how a psychoactive drug is administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.
List the three main factors involved in pharmacokinetics.
The three main factors are routes of administration, drug distribution throughout the body, and drug breakdown and elimination.
Explain the process of drug distribution in the body.
Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it is carried to most parts of the body, including the central nervous system (CNS), within a minute.
How is a drug metabolized and eliminated from the body?
The drug is metabolized by enzymes in the liver and eliminated from the body in the form of urine, feces, sweat, saliva, and breast milk.
Identify the ways in which certain drugs are eliminated from the body.
Anaesthetic gases and volatile drugs, as well as approximately 5% of all beverage alcohol consumed, are eliminated through the lungs.
What does the sociological theoretical orientation suggest about drug use?
Sociological theories attribute drug use to various aspects of the social environment, including peer influences, weak social bonds, and the larger drug culture.
How do psychological factors influence addictive behaviours?
Psychological factors influencing addictive behaviours include learning and reinforcement theories, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, coping skills, and other psychological disorders.
Describe the moral perspective on drug use
The moral perspective views drug use as unacceptable, wrong, and even sinful, attributing addiction to personal choice and weak moral character, with remedies found in willpower rather than treatment.
What are some examples of prevention initiatives?
Exmples include random drug testing in the workplace, anti-smoking lobbies, and the War on Drugs.
How does the route from experimentation to addiction develop?
The transition from experimentation to addiction is influenced by a complex interaction of biological and psychological factors, developmental maturation, family variables, and social context.
What is the societal implication of the language used to describe substance users?
The use of oppressive language such as ‘drunkard’ and ‘junkie’ stigmatizes users and reflects societal biases, particularly in relation to race and drug types.
Identify the goals of tertiary prevention in substance use
The goal of tertiary prevention is to reduce the harm associated with substance use or to achieve complete abstinence after use has become problematic.
Describe the fundamental concepts of addiction.
Fundamental concepts of addiction include understanding the nature of addiction, its impact on individuals and society, and the pharmacological foundations that underlie addictive behaviors.
Get Explanation
Describe the role of psychotherapeutic drugs in addiction treatment
Psychotherapeutic drugs are used in addiction treatment to help manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and address co-occurring mental health disorders
What are the main treatment options for addiction?
Main treatment options for addiction include pharmacological therapies, behavioural approaches, harm reduction strategies, the Transtheoretical Model, and mutual aid/self-help group
How does harm reduction work in addiction treatment?
Harm reduction is an approach that aims to minimize the negative consequences of drug use rather than solely focusing on abstinence, promoting safer use practices and access to health service
Define the Transtheoretical Model in the context of addiction
The Transtheoretical Model is a behavioural change model that outlines stages of change individuals go through when modifying behaviour, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenanc
What is the significance of mutual aid/self-help in addiction recovery?
Mutual aid/self-help groups provide support, shared experiences, and community for individuals in recovery, fostering a sense of belonging and accountability
