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Addiction Studies > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Bio-psycho-social phenomenon

A

Addiction influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

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2
Q

What is addiction

A

Strong need for substance or activity despite harm.

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3
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

Substance affecting brain function and mood.

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4
Q

Physical Dependency

A

Body requires drug for normal functioning.

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5
Q

Psychological Dependency

A

Emotional need for drug use, causing distress.

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6
Q

Compulsive Behaviour

A

Repetitive actions to alleviate anxiety or control thoughts.

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7
Q

Addiction 4 C’s

A

Craving, Loss of control, Compulsion, Consequences.

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8
Q

Depressants

A

Substances reducing CNS arousal and activity.

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9
Q

Opioids

A

CNS depressants masking pain and suppressing cough.

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10
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances increasing cerebral cortex activity and mood.

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11
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Agents disrupting perception, cognition, and mood.

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12
Q

Psychotherapeutic Drugs

A

Medications altering neurotransmitter activity for mental illness.

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13
Q

Psychotherapeutic agents

A

CNS drugs affecting mood and behavior with side effects.

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14
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Study of nervous system function measurement and assessment.

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15
Q

Fundamental Neurotransmitters

A

Key chemicals affecting mood and behaviour.

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16
Q

Tolerance

A

Need for increased drug amounts for same effect.

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17
Q

Withdrawal

A

Physical disturbances after sudden drug discontinuation.

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18
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of drug effects and body responses.

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19
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Drug administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination.

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20
Q

Distribution

A

Drug spread through bloodstream to body parts.

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21
Q

Breakdown and Elimination

A

Drug metabolized and removed from body.

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22
Q

Five Dimensions

A

Stages of addiction: Commencement, Maintenance, Escalation, Cessation, Recommencement.

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23
Q

Theoretical Orientation

A

Sociological theories link drug use to social factors.

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24
Q

Biological Factors

A

Genetic and physiological influences on addiction.

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25
Q

Psychological Factors

A

Mental health issues affecting addictive behaviours.

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26
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

Belief in one’s ability to resist addiction.

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27
Q

Prevention Levels

A

Primary Prevention:
Aims to prevent initial substance use.

Secondary Prevention:
Targets individuals experimenting with substances.

Tertiary Prevention:
Focuses on reducing harm from established use.

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28
Q

Stigmatization

A

Negative labeling of substance users in society.

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29
Q

Pharmacological Therapies

A

Medications used to treat addiction and withdrawal.

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30
Q

Behavioural Approaches

A

Therapies aimed at changing addictive behaviours.

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31
Q

Harm Reduction

A

Strategies minimizing negative consequences of drug use.

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32
Q

Transtheoretical Model

A

Stages of change in overcoming addiction.

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33
Q

Mutual Aid

A

Support groups aiding recovery through shared experiences.

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34
Q

Psychoactive Substances

A

Drugs affecting mental processes and behavior.

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35
Q

Sociological Theories

A

Social factors influencing addiction, like peer pressure.

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36
Q

Family Programming

A

Involvement of family in prevention and treatment.

37
Q

Case Studies

A

Real-world examples analyzing prevention program effectiveness.

38
Q

Addiction

A

A chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain.

39
Q

Compulsive behaviour vs. Addiction

A

Compulsive behaviour is often linked to a need to reduce stress or discomfort, while addiction typically involves both physical and psychological components of dependence

40
Q

Families of psychoactive drugs

A

Drugs are categorized into depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids, each with distinct effects on the brain and body.

41
Q

Long-term alcohol use

A

Implications include liver damage, brain impairment, and emotional distress.

42
Q

Opioids vs. depressants

A

Opioids are often more hazardous due to their potential for overdose and highly addictive nature.

43
Q

Stimulants

A

Icrease brain activity, elevate mood, boost alertness, and delay fatigue.
Examples: cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, decongestants, nicotine, khat, betel, caffeine.

44
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Disrupt perception, cognition, and mood.
Examples: LSD, ecstasy, ketamine, cannabis.

45
Q

Psychotherapeutic Drugs

A

Alter neurotransmitter activity to affect mood and behaviour.
Classes: anxiolytics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics

46
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Affects brain function, leading to changes in mood, thoughts, and behaviour.
Examples: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, certain pain medicines.

47
Q

Psychotherapeutic Agents

A

Affect the CNS to alter mood and behaviour, used to treat mental illness, but may have unpleasant side effects.
Examples: antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers.

48
Q

Opioids

A

Pain-relieving drugs that work by affecting the brain’s opioid receptors. They can create feelings of euphoria but are also highly addictive.
Examples: heroin, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl.

49
Q

Depressants

A

Slow down brain activity, leading to relaxation, drowsiness, and reduced anxiety. They can impair coordination and judgment.
Examples: alcohol, benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium), barbiturates.

50
Q

Fundamental Neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine
Endocannabinoids
Endorphins
Gamma- aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

51
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Studies nervous system function to diagnose and monitor disorders.

52
Q

How a substance enters the bloodstream after administration

A
53
Q

The process of eliminating substances from the body is called _____.

A

excertion

54
Q

describes the process of distribution in the context of substance use

A

the movement ty of a substance through the bodies tissue and organs

55
Q

The processes describes how a substance enters the bloodstream after administration?

A

Absorption

56
Q

Describes the concept of codependency in relationships?

A

When an individual constantly sacrifices their own needs to support another’s addiction

57
Q

Economic Implications of Drug Use

A

Globally: The economic burden of drug use includes healthcare costs, lost productivity, and criminal justice costs.

Nationally (Canada): The financial impact includes healthcare spending on addiction treatment, law enforcement, and loss of workforce productivity.

58
Q

Addiction in North America vs. Other Parts of the World

A

North America faces higher addiction rates partly due to greater access to psychoactive drugs, socioeconomic factors, and a culture that may promote substance use. Health systems may also be less focused on prevention and treatment in some regions.

59
Q

Factors Influencing Drug Dependence

A
60
Q

Define compulsive behavior in the context of addiction.

A

Compulsive behaviour is repetitive behaviour performed to minimize anxiety or control obsessive thoughts, often disregarding negative consequences

61
Q

Describe the effects of depressants on the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Depressants produce a reduction of arousal and activity in the central nervous system.

62
Q

What are opioids and their function?

A

Opioids are a specific subgroup of CNS depressants that can mask pain and suppress cough, mimicking endorphin neurotransmitters

63
Q

Describe the effects of stimulants on the cerebral cortex.

A

Stimulants produce a general increase in the activity of the cerebral cortex, leading to mood elevation, increased vigilance, and the postponement of fatigue.

64
Q

List some examples of stimulants.

A

Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, decongestants, nicotine, khat, betel, and caffeine

65
Q

Provide examples of hallucinogens.

A

LSD, ecstasy, ketamine, and cannabis

66
Q

Identify the four major classes of psychotherapeutic medications.

A

Anxiolytics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics

67
Q

Give examples of psychoactive substances.

A

Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines.

68
Q

What are some common types of psychotherapeutic agents?

A

Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers

69
Q

What is the significance of neurophysiology in medicine?

A

Neurophysiology helps diagnose and monitor the progress of nervous disorders

70
Q

List fundamental neurotransmitters.

A

Dopamine, endocannabinoids, endorphins, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

71
Q

What is withdrawal in the context of drug use?

A

Withdrawal refers to the development of physical disturbances or illness when drug use is suddenly discontinued, often resulting in effects opposite to those of the drug

72
Q

Describe pharmacokinetics in relation to psychoactive drugs.

A

Pharmacokinetics is a part of pharmacology that deals with how a psychoactive drug is administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

73
Q

List the three main factors involved in pharmacokinetics.

A

The three main factors are routes of administration, drug distribution throughout the body, and drug breakdown and elimination.

74
Q

Explain the process of drug distribution in the body.

A

Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it is carried to most parts of the body, including the central nervous system (CNS), within a minute.

75
Q

How is a drug metabolized and eliminated from the body?

A

The drug is metabolized by enzymes in the liver and eliminated from the body in the form of urine, feces, sweat, saliva, and breast milk.

76
Q

Identify the ways in which certain drugs are eliminated from the body.

A

Anaesthetic gases and volatile drugs, as well as approximately 5% of all beverage alcohol consumed, are eliminated through the lungs.

77
Q

What does the sociological theoretical orientation suggest about drug use?

A

Sociological theories attribute drug use to various aspects of the social environment, including peer influences, weak social bonds, and the larger drug culture.

78
Q

How do psychological factors influence addictive behaviours?

A

Psychological factors influencing addictive behaviours include learning and reinforcement theories, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, coping skills, and other psychological disorders.

79
Q

Describe the moral perspective on drug use

A

The moral perspective views drug use as unacceptable, wrong, and even sinful, attributing addiction to personal choice and weak moral character, with remedies found in willpower rather than treatment.

80
Q

What are some examples of prevention initiatives?

A

Exmples include random drug testing in the workplace, anti-smoking lobbies, and the War on Drugs.

81
Q

How does the route from experimentation to addiction develop?

A

The transition from experimentation to addiction is influenced by a complex interaction of biological and psychological factors, developmental maturation, family variables, and social context.

82
Q

What is the societal implication of the language used to describe substance users?

A

The use of oppressive language such as ‘drunkard’ and ‘junkie’ stigmatizes users and reflects societal biases, particularly in relation to race and drug types.

83
Q

Identify the goals of tertiary prevention in substance use

A

The goal of tertiary prevention is to reduce the harm associated with substance use or to achieve complete abstinence after use has become problematic.

84
Q

Describe the fundamental concepts of addiction.

A

Fundamental concepts of addiction include understanding the nature of addiction, its impact on individuals and society, and the pharmacological foundations that underlie addictive behaviors.
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85
Q

Describe the role of psychotherapeutic drugs in addiction treatment

A

Psychotherapeutic drugs are used in addiction treatment to help manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and address co-occurring mental health disorders

86
Q

What are the main treatment options for addiction?

A

Main treatment options for addiction include pharmacological therapies, behavioural approaches, harm reduction strategies, the Transtheoretical Model, and mutual aid/self-help group

87
Q

How does harm reduction work in addiction treatment?

A

Harm reduction is an approach that aims to minimize the negative consequences of drug use rather than solely focusing on abstinence, promoting safer use practices and access to health service

88
Q

Define the Transtheoretical Model in the context of addiction

A

The Transtheoretical Model is a behavioural change model that outlines stages of change individuals go through when modifying behaviour, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenanc

89
Q

What is the significance of mutual aid/self-help in addiction recovery?

A

Mutual aid/self-help groups provide support, shared experiences, and community for individuals in recovery, fostering a sense of belonging and accountability

Addiction Studies (4 decks)

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