Final Exam Flashcards
Describe the physical changes that occur during adolescence
L8
- puberty (boys vs girls)
- the brain (physical/structural changes)
Define Puberty
L8
the period in the life cycle when sexual and reproductive maturation becomes evident.
- sexual maturation, height and weights (give examples)
- hormonal changes (frontal lobe growth)
Elkind’s extension of Piaget’s concept
Adolescent Egocentrism
L8
this is the period of adolescence whereby teenagers experience personal self-consciousness.
- personal fable: view themseleves as unique and that no one can understand their individual experiences.
- imaginary audience: believes that everyone is as interested in their thoughts and behaviours as they are (they think themselves as constantly percieved)
This diminsihes as they enter adulthood
ages 11-16
How does childhood egocentrism differ from adolescent egocentrism
L5 vs. L8
childhood- stage 2 (preoperational) where children are unable to see the perspective of others/ put themselves in someone elses shoes eg. mountain and candy experiment
adolescence- stage 4 (formal operational) where teenagers experience the feeling of personalfable and the imaginary audience.
What is piaget’s 3rd stage?
L7
This is the concrete operational stage and occurs from ages 7-11
What occurs during this 3rd stage?
L7
performance of concrete operations and logical reasoning and are able to classify things into different sets.
operation- a bsaic cognitive structure that is used to trnsform info or operate on it.
R.D.S.T.C.S
What are the six characteristics of this stage?
L7
- Reversibility
- Decentration
better undertsanding of quantitative relations & relational logic:
- Seriation
- Transitivity
- Classification
- Spatial Reasoning
They shift from relying on perceptual information to using logical principles (identity principle: basic attributes of an object dont change eg. feather and glass rule)
Why do children display different levels of understanding conservation tasks that seem to require the same mental operations?
Horizontal Decalage- an inability to solve problems even though one can solve similar problems requiring the same mental operations.
It occurs because problems that appear quite similar may actually differ in complexity.
Eg. A child may be able to use reversibility to undertsand that two balls of the same size are the same even if one is squished but cannot understand conservation of liquids (volume).
piaget’s term for a child’s uneven cognitive performance.
What is moral development?
L6
the development of feelings, thoughts and behavioursregarding rules and conventions about what other people should do in their interactions with other people.
Freud believed that feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to moral development (moral feelings)
Children identify with their parents and thus internalize their morals and values to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment and to maintain parental affection.
Superego: moral element of personality
What is moral reasoning?
L6
how children think about moral issues.
Piaget believed that children go through two distinct stages of moral reasoning:
- heteronomous morality —> transitional phase
- autonomous morality
Piaget’s Heteronomous Morality
L6
Affects children aged 4-7 years. Justice and rules are concieved of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. They judge behaviours based on consequences rather than on intentions.
for example, a child might believe that accidentally breaking a vase is “worse” than deliberately taking a small toy because the vase caused more damage, regardless of the child’s intent to break it.
Piaget’s Autonomous Morality
L6
Occurs with children from aged 10 years and older. rules and laws are created by people and can be changed based on consensus. They judge behaviour based on intentions rather than on consequences (rules are flexible and can be interpreted based on the situation and intentions behind actions).
for example, a child realizing that accidentally breaking a vase while playing is different from intentionally breaking it out of anger.
Moral Behaviour
the ability to resist temptation and delay gratification is closely tied to the development of self-control.
Conscience- internal regulation of standards of right and wrong
Lawrence Kohlberg & Moral Dvelopment
L6
Kohlberg developed his theory on moral development based on Piaget’s two stages of moral reasoning: heteronomous stage —> autonomous stage.
Kohlberg proposed 3 levels and 6 universal stages of moral development based on interviews using moral dilemmas.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Developmnent
L6
Preconventional Level
- stage 1: heteronomous morality
- stage 2: individualism (morals based on reciprocity)
Conventional Stage(
- stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations (seen as good)
- stage 4: social system (conformity)
Postconventional Stage
- stage 5: social contract (values/principles transend law)
- stage 6: universal ethical principles (conscience > law)
