Final Exam Flashcards
rhetorical situation
An time you feel compelled or have to use rhetoric.
rhetoric
use of language to affect , convince, or change their mind, or persuade them to do something.
rhetorical triangle
speaker - writer
message
audience
find a even mix of these three
rhetorical listening and thinking (editorial)
Don’t rush to choose a point of view and take a unbiased look at all sides before you choose.
Think about your own position and why you believe that and why others believe what they believe.
Research is not required for the first essay. But it doesn’t mean you can’t do some research.
stance (editorial)
A response to others
Useful background info
A clear indication of why the topic matters
Good reasons and evidence
purpose of an editorial
why are you arguing this position
what has motivated you to write about this topic
suitability and correctness (editorial)
writing style is one in which the words you choose and the ways you arrange them suit your purpose your topic your medium and your audience.
dialect (editorial)
what is most often expected for writing done in most school, government, and professional contexts.
levels of formality (editorial)
low or plain style: used to teach or explain something
middle style: used to please an audience
high or grand style: used to move or persuade and audience
tone (editorial)
how your writing is perceived - serious, humorous, exasperated
active or passive voice (editorial)
depends on if the writing is using passive verbs or active verbs (attacking or not attacking)
reasons and evidence (editorial)
support our claims such evidence may include facts and stats data from surveys and questionaries, direct observations, interviews, testimony, experiments, personal experience, visuals, and more.
counterarguments (editorial)
acknowledge positions other than your own, and respond to what they say
ad-hominem
arguments that make personal attacks on those who support an opposing position rather than addressing the position itself
bandwagon appeals
simply urge the audience to go along with the crowd
begging the question
tries to support an argument by simply restating it in other language
either or arguments
also called false dilemmas, argue that only two alternatives are possible in a situation that actually is more complex
faulty analogies
are comparisons that do not hold up in some way crucial to the argument at hand
faulty causality
the mistaken assumption that because one event followed another the first event caused the second, also called post hoc
hasty generalizations
draw sweeping conclusions on the basis of too little evidence
paralipsis
statements provide information after claiming such information wont be included
setting up a straw man
misrepresents an opposing argument characterizing it as more extreme or otherwise different than it actually is in order to attack it more easily
slippery slope arguments
contend that if a certain event occurs, it will at least might set in motion a chain of events that will end in disaster
authority (editorial)
show that you know what you are talking about by citing trustworthy sources, to demonstrate that your fair by representing other positions even handedly and accurately and to work toward establishing some common ground with your audience.
claim as a thesis (editorial)
announcing your topic and the main points you are going to make about that topic
audience (editorial)
who are you trying to reach and what do you hope to persuade them to think or do
linear vs. non-linear chronology (memoir)
linear = start at beginning of time and tell it until the final result
non-linear = start at end result and tell backwards
purpose (memoir)
why are you writing this why is it of significance and what do you want it to demonstrate to your readers
stance (memoir)
are you telling a tory that is personal to you or is it of some distance from you
narrative arc (memoir)
set up
rising action
climax
falling action
conclusion
objective of a proposal
encourage specific action from a specific entity
purpose (proposal)
to persuade someone into action
parts of the proposal
problem
solution or plan
benefits
audience awareness
attribution bias
occurs when the causes and effects of certain behaviors or events are misattributed
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values
reading defensively
rigorously assessing a text for biases, manipulations, or misinformation, instead of passively absorbing the information
triangulating
a term used to describe when a person uses threats of exclusion or manipulation
reading laterally
Opening new tabs in a browser to research website authors or organizations. Looking for bias or messaging associated with organizations. Looking for hyperlinks or citations to other sources and organizations and researching the hyperlinked organizations/sources for bias
primary and secondary sources
primary sources are firsthand accounts of an event or topic
secondary sources analyze or interpret primary sources
using databases
tools used to store, organize, and manage information
evaluating source material
purpose and intended audience, authority and credibility, accuracy and reliability, currency and timeliness, and objectivity or bias
quoting
repeat or copy out (a group of words from a text or speech), typically with an indication that one is not the original author or speaker
paraphrasing
expressing someone else’s ideas or thoughts in your own words while maintaining the original meaning
summarizing
the process of condensing a writer’s ideas into a shorter, more concise version using your own words
signal phrase
a short phrase that introduces a quote, paraphrase, or summary, and indicates to the reader that the ideas or words used are not the writer’s own
citations
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include: Book: authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate. Journal: authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers
plagiarism
the act of representing someone else’s ideas, language, or expressions as your own original work
patchwriting
a type of plagiarism that occurs when a writer borrows phrases, sentences, or clauses from another source without giving credit or using quotation marks
in-text documentation
a brief note within an essay that identifies the original source of an idea
works cited/references
a list of all the sources cited within the body and notes of your paper
