Final Exam Flashcards
Multiple choice practice for the final exam
Acknowledging that all media is constructed with a purpose and a particular point of view is the foundation of:
Media analysis
According to war correspondent Martin Bell, journalistic objectivity in war is inappropriate and unworkable. Instead, ………….. would be better suited to get closer to the truth:
Moral journalism
This is a name for people who studied, explored, and entered the phone system by re-creating the audio frequencies that the system used to route calls:
Phone phreakers
A focus on the capabilities and resources of aggrieved groups as a way of explaining the development and outcome of social movements refers to:
Resource mobilization theory
The way in which information is presented and communicated is referred to as:
Information design
According to the idea of spectatorship and constructed reality, we can only know the world:
Indirectly
When we are slightly shifting our gaze to something else, we’re lulled into an atmosphere of susceptibility, making us more gullible to improbable situations. This is referred to as:
Lowering attention vigilance
An audience that is observing rather than actively responding is known as a:
Passive audience
The concept of an open, equal internet for everyone, regardless of device, application or platform used and content consumed is:
Net neutrality
Which of the following is NOT an advertising tactic?
False dilemma
Scarcity
Consistency
»> Fear
Different platforms (e.g., social media, email, video, podcasts) have distinct characteristics that influence the way content is consumed and interpreted. Marketers need to consider how the medium they choose aligns with their brand and message. This is referred to as:
Medium-message alignment
The viewing or treatment of people as objects is referred to as:
Objectification
One of the key components of a campaign is its ……………… . For a campaign to have the biggest impact requires multiple people working in tandem to accomplish a cohesive goal. Which word is missing here?
Coordination
A name for a group of hacker whose ethical commitments exhibit a hyperextension of academic norms such as their elevation of meritocracy (among which Steve Jobs at MIT):
University-bred hackers
The process through which a group is learning how they can combat racism in their small community, where people start to educate themselves is referred to as:
Group-centered activism
According to Lippmann, we are more likely to believe the ……………………… than to judge by critical thinking. What phrase is missing here?
pictures in our heads
Objective patterns of behaviour, action, and interaction and subjective perspectives, beliefs and various facets of the social construction of reality refer to:
Micro-level publics
The business practice of planning for a product to become unusable from the time it is created is referred to as:
Planned obsolescence
The idea that technology shapes social change and determines our future is referred to as:
Technological determinism
The reason that it is no longer admired to stand neutral between good and evil, right and wrong, victim and oppressor is connected to the concept of:
Journalism of attachment
A political system in which economic goods and/or political power are vested in individual people on the basis of talent, effort, and achievement refers to:
Meritocracy
The idea that people must be able to see that they can do something about an issue in situational theory of publics refers to:
Constraint recognition
Which of the following does NOT characterize a feature of diasporas?
Group consciousness
Kinship
Collective memory
»> Assimilation
Traditional advertisements were ……………., they were put in specific places where advertisers expected people to be. Which word is missing in this description?
Contextual
The ……………. refers to the myriad ways mainstream media work to appear objective, while they actively ignore or misrepresent the experiences of those who fall outside their frame of reference. Which term fits best here?
Media gaze
Dislike of the “other side” due to fake news is referred to as:
Affective polarization
Tracking the spread of a particular meme is also referred to as its:
Replication
Place, cuisine, history, events, and culture and identity are all aspects of our:
Collective memory
False information that is purposely spread to deceive people
Disinformation
This is a counter cultural political movement famous for promoting sexual and political anarchy and for the memorable and outrageous pranks they staged:
Yippies
Internet platforms and communities which value security over creativity are part of the:
Restricted web
The idea that people must be able to care enough about the issue to turn to action to resolve the issue in situational theory of publics refers to:
Level of involvement
Internet slang for a person who intentionally tries to instigate conflict, hostility, or arguments in an online social community refers to a:
Troll
To assess the acceptability of support levels for various policy options, learn how to best communicate a policy idea, and understand the priorities of populations can be gauged through:
Polling
Planned, systematic efforts to intentionally persuade us of certain beliefs or to act a certain way:
Campaigns
A form of complete visibility and constant monitoring in which the observation posts are centralized and the observed are never communicated with directly, refers to:
Panoptic surveillance
In means of communication, digital media presumption technologies and user-generated content like the internet and social media are:
Quinary communication technologies
Experiments carried out to discover what makes us want to buy things are referred to as:
Market research
People that do not receive information passively but are actively involved (consciously or unconsciously) in media:
Active audience
Publics that are highly knowledgeable and have low involvement are referred to as:
Aroused publics
Public notices promoting a product, event, or service are:
Advertisements
When tech companies that are also media companies don’t act like it, they shirk the ……………… that other media organizations have. What word is missing?
Accountability
Research suggests that ……………. is causing men the same anxiety and personal insecurity that women have felt for decades. Which word is most fitting?
Masculine stereotyping
This model of public relations refers to two-way communication that relies on ‘scientific persuasion’ to influence audiences while incorporating audience feedback:
Two-way asymmetrical model
Consistent messages with regard to gender roles, racial and cultural ………………, and measures of success recur throughout many media presentations. Which word is missing?
Stereotypes
The action taken by an individual in service of a meme is referred as the ………. of a meme:
Behaviour
Which of the following rights will help protect people online and is part of the General Data Protection Regulation?
The right to be forgotten
Fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis addresses text, discursive practices of text, and ….?
Social practices
Diaspora can also be defined as “migrants or descendants of migrants whose identity and ………………… have been shaped by their migration experience and background. What phrase is missing?
sense of belonging
A thought pattern; a way the brain understands a task, the desired outcomes of that task, and the strategy for getting there is known as:
Schema
A mix of aesthetic and pragmatic imperatives, a commitment to information freedom, a mistrust of authority, a heightened dedication to meritocracy, and the firm belief that computers can be the basis for beauty and a better world describe:
Hacker ethic
Legal measures to try and prevent monopolies; when a single company dominates an entire market or industry are referred to as:
Anti-trust laws
Guidelines for the collection and processing of personal data of individuals within the European Union (GDPR) is titled:
General Data Protection Regulation
When advertisers target different groups, such as teenagers, older people, business folks, families, or minority groups that refers to different:
Demographics
Self-actualization, esteem, love and belonging, safety needs, and ……………. are different items on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Which is missing here?
Physiological needs
Mass communications are unrivaled in providing a breadth of information, but present limits to the depth of information it can furnish. This refers to:
Saturation
When one company owns all the market share and can control prices and output is referred to as a:
Monopoly
The means of communication marked by the use of media technology for the production of information as seen in newspapers, magazines, books, technologically produced arts and culture refers to:
Secondary communication
This model of public relations is categorized as one-way communication used in press releases to distribute organizational information:
Public information model
Disinformation can whip up a ………………. , and disperse the attention of the masses. Which word is missing here?
Smokescreen
Connections between all levels of inequality (e.g., structural, institutional, interpersonal, and individual) refers to:
Systemic inequalities
Fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent is known as:
Fake news
The means of communication marked by the use of media technologies for the production and consumption of information, not for distribution such as CDs, DVDs, tapes, records, Blu-ray disks, hard disks:
Tertiary communication technologies
Written or spoken communication or debate as well as a field of authority is referred to as:
Discourse
Knowing that any information you see online is only one slice of the pie, and one that’s been cut specifically for you is referred to as:
Algorithmic literacy
The thing that gives creators of media the exclusive rights to their creations is known as:
Copyright
The dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland is referred to as:
Diaspora
Internalizing media views of sexuality and relationship stereotypes can lead to various forms of:
Relational aggression
Control over every part of a system is known as:
Vertical integration
After the first three stages of social movements, movements often experience either success, failure, cooptation, repression, or go mainstream before their:
Decline
Low involvement and low levels of knowledge make a public:
Inactive
Groups that champion social change are:
Social movement organizations
The concept or the idea conveyed by a meme to illicit a certain response or behaviour from others it the ………. of a meme:
Ideal
The production of culturally relevant and locally vital information to immigrants in a host society is a function of:
Diasporic media
The idea that a message’s meaning is inevitably sent and received in its entirety, just as intended, every time without confusion between the creator and recipient is referred to as:
Textual determinism
Disinformation, hate speech, censorship, extremism, and government intervention in media networks are condition variables that lead to:
Polarization
When minority groups are frequently stereotyped in the media, that people may start to believe the associated stereotype is even more true is referred to as:
Internalization
The analysis and ideas of people and communities not normally engaged can amplify:
Marginalized voices
Closed systems that are not interoperable with other systems or companies or outright refuse to work with rival companies are:
Walled gardens
A term to refer to the encouragement and enabling of creative production that as a system, possesses leverage, adaptability, ease of mastery, accessibility, and transferability is known as:
Generative network
Newspapers that were accessible for lower and middle classes that can be connected to the start of the mass media and advertising industry is referred to as:
The penny press
Publics with low involvement in a public issue but with a high level of knowledge is known as:
Aware publics
Power imbalances between people that reify social inequalities are:
Interpersonal inequalities
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychological principles that explain the ways in which members of the audience process information?
Selective perception
Selective exposure
Selective retention
»> Selective bias
The form or technology of a medium (e.g., a book, the TV, a computer) embeds itself in the message, creating a symbiotic relationship, influencing how the message is perceived, describes:
The medium is the message
What role can diaspora media have in areas other than communication and entertainment according to Chama (2017)?
Conflict resolution and peace building
When ads target a narrow and specific group of people, this is referred to as:
Behavioural targeting
The feelings that people experience, including emotions and moods triggered by media exposure is known as:
Affective response
Which one of the following ‘scapes’ is NOT part of Arjun Appadurai’s five scapes of globalization
> > > Landscapes
Ethnoscapes
Mediascapes
Ideoscapes
To identify the right type of public relations people must be able to see the potential of an issue being an issue to them to affect them on a personal level. This refers to:
Problem recognition
A form of technological stratification that refers to a differential class-based access to technology is also called the:
Digital divide
Creating a personalized wall of news-feed based on likes and dislikes that curates a news-feed of each individual in such a way that people’s virtual exposure is limited to their community of interest is:
Filter bubble
Information distributed with the direct purpose of promoting a certain point of view is referred to as:
Propaganda
Which of the following is NOT part of a whistleblower’s decision to go public?
Moral considerations
Cultural factors
»> Economic considerations
Situational factors
This theory maintains that communication behaviours depend on how publics perceive a ‘problem’
Situational theory of publics
In the 1980s and 1990s, this group acted out in brashness and as a way to perform to the watching eyes of the media and law enforcement, hinged to the collective love of hacking/building and understanding technology:
Underground hackers
The reaction of the public to a perceived threat to social norms is known as a:
Moral panic
Approaching everything by questioning its truth refers to:
Being skeptical
A process of learning by making mistakes and correcting them to train neural network is referred to as the:
Backpropagation algorithm
The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create and act using all forms of communication is referred to as:
Media literacy
What is enabling the decentering and destabilizing of ethnic majority people, and contributing to social fragmentation and multiculturalization?
Ethnic media marketing
The dramaturgical analysis that presents all of our lives as playing out on a stage, addresses the front stage and the back stage as element of:
Impression management
The competition between Pulitzer and Hearst’s newspapers in New York and the reporting on the Maine explosion can be described as marked by:
Sensationalism
Intentionally trying to instigate conflict, hostility, or arguments in an online social community is referred to as:
Trolling
A society where electronic information technology mainly facilitates the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is referred to as:
An information society
The identification of an author for a piece of media is known as its:
Attribution
Social movements getting grants and pledges from foundations and corporations falling over themselves to ally themselves with the movement refers to a process of:
Mainstreaming
Stuart Hall talked about encoding (the creator of a message encoding ideas or things during production) and ………… (the receiver of the message ………. the supposed message). What key term is missing here?
Decoding
Macro-level subjective ideas are visible in our culture, norms, and:
Values
The access, collection, and sharing of personally identifiable information refers to a level of:
Privacy
Groups of organizations advocating for related causes are known as:
Social movement industry
These are used online and derived from the idea that much of human behavior comes not from genes but from culture. This online nongenetic behaviour using images are labeled as:
Internet memes
This model of public relations involved two-way communication that relies on negotiation of information with the public:
Two-way symmetrical model
When certain types of media are said to have less cultural value than others, this is referred to as:
Cultural defensiveness
Information used to promote a particular point of view, change behaviour, or motivate action is known as:
Propaganda
Homogeneous social networks that reduce tolerance for alternative views boost the likelihood of accepting only ideologically compatible news, and increase closure to new information. This describes:
Attitudinal polarization
Macro-level ‘objective’ ideas are present in our society, law, bureaucracy, architecture, technology, and:
Language
A focus on the content of media, and their ability to ‘corrupt young minds’ is referred to as:
Moral defensiveness
This theory refers to the freedom of speech and expression and the individual’s right to know and access information as visible and accessible online:
Marketplace of Ideas
The management of the relationship between the public and a brand is known as:
Public relations
Before governments and for-profit industries, mass communication was controlled by:
The church
F/OSS is an acronym that refers to:
Free and open-source software
The means of communication marked by the human body and mind where no media technology is used for the production, distribution, or reception of information refers to:
Primary communication technologies
The means of communication marked by use of media technology for the production, distribution, and consumption of information such as TV, radio, film, telephone, and Internet:
Quaternary communication technologies
When the United States, Great Britain and France used their positions on the United Nations Security Council to argue against intervention in Rwanda, this showcases:
Political media power
The …………………. is based on the premise that the media communicator establishes a preferred reading, in which the text dictates the responses of the audience. The audience, then, assumes a passive role in the communications process. What is the missing term above?
Reception theory
The observable, external phenomena and representation of a meme as a set of objects is known at the:
Manifestation
A type of media that is used to promote conflict and violent action can be referred to as:
Hate speech
Internet platforms and communities that remain open and generative in the face of concerns, such as security is referred to as the:
Unrestricted web
The calculation of all the costs required for the resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, marketing, and disposal of a product is referred to as:
Embodied energy
The process when sometimes we’re busy or not really that concerned with hunting down the right answer, we’ll accept whatever answer is laid out in front of us is referred to as:
Information satisficing
Indirect messages and beneath the surface meaning-making that consequently often escapes our immediate attention is known as:
Latent meaning
Which one of the following options is NOT one of the 4 factors of fair use that one should consider when using other people’s content?
Potential harm
When data is taken out of context it may lead to the …………………. of subjective reality. Which word is missing?
Quantification
False or misleading information
Misinformation
This model of public relations refers to one-way communication that uses persuasion, half-truths, and manipulation to influence audiences:
Press agent/Publicity
This quantifies the emotion expressed in qualitative data such as customer feedback:
Sentiment score
Streaming services rely on …………………. to keep you paying for your subscription as they rely on this behaviour to inform their programming decisions and keep subscribers happy:
Binge-watching
This term connects to the significant impact of perceived usefulness and social influence on our binge-watching:
Continuous intention
