Final Exam Flashcards
Hurdy gurdy
- Instrument dating back to medieval times.
- 3 melody strings with keys to change pitches
- rotating wheel inside, turned by crank
- has drone strings
- First used in church
Vielle
-Medieval equivalent of a violin
- comes in many shapes, sizes, and number of strings.
- typically:
-flat peg board
-bow has less tension
Pipe and tabour
- high wistle and drum
- played by one person
- pipe played with left hand
- Tabour played with a stick in right hand
Improvisation in medieval music
-instrumental music was primarily improvised /performed from memory
- instruments have unwritten accompaniments to songs and to dancing
- if something was notated, it was only the melody or bass and everything else was improvised
Medieval time period
750-1400
Renaissance time period
1400 - 1600
Baroque time period
1600-1750
Estampie 4 from “Le manuscrit du roi”
Genre: Dance Music, Estampie
Composer: Anonymous
Time period: Medieval
Pavane
Dignified court dance in duple meter
Performed side by side
AABBCC
Mostly consisting of slow and quick steps
Galliard
Vigorous dance marked by kicks and jumps
Triple meter
Pavane-galliard pairs
A pavane and a galliard played back to back that both have a variation of the same melody
Dances from “Danserye”
“La Dona” (1)
Genre: pavane dance
Composer: Tielman Susatos (this piece sustains the man that lays tiles)
Time period: Renaissance
Dances From “Danserye”
“La Dona” (2)
Genre: Galliard Dance
Composer: Tielman Susatos
Period: Renaissance
Luis De Narvaez
Composer
Renaissance
Wrote “The six books of the Dauphin,” tablature written for Vihuela
Pieces for vihuela from “Los seys libros del Delphin” a
Name: “Cancion Mille regres”
Time period: Renaissance
Composer: Luis de Narvaez
Genre: intabulation
cuatro diferencias sobre “Guardame las vacas”
From Pieces for vihuela from “Los seys libros del Delphin”, b
Title: (four songs about “guard the cows”)
Genre: variations on a common tune
Composer: Luis de Narvaez (Larva-pez)
Time period: Renaissance
First printed example of the genre
Vihuela
Ancestor of the guitar
Mix between a lute and a vielle
Tablature / intabulation
- Sheet music where lines represent strings and numbers on the lines represent frets. Rhythm is indicated above the staff.
- popular for lutes and vihuelas
- some tablature had vocal lines above for a player to accompany herself
Variations (diferencias in Spanish)
- A theme is played, and then repeated with improvised embellishments and ornaments.
- also includes an improvised line over an ostinato
Harpsichord
-Iconic keyboard instrument of the baroque basso continuo
- has multiple choirs of strings and one or two keyboards
-Came before piano
-Strings are plucked
-Was invented during the renaissance
Viol da gamba or viol
- belongs to string family, ancestor of cello
- has 6 strings tuned in 4ths, and frets
- developed in Spain in early renaissance
Lute
- Pear shaped with a rounded back and flat fingerboard
- 5 double strings, plucked with fingers or feather
- has frets
sackbut
- ancestor to the trombone
- brass family
- made up of bent tubing and slide tubing
Consort
In England, an ensemble of three to seven instruments
Cornett
- Played like a trumpet
- popular in renaissance
- could be curved or straight
- loud instrument
Canzon septimi toni a 8
Composer: Giovanni Gabrieli
Genre: Ensemble canzona
Time period: renaissance
Recercada secunda on the “La Spana” tune
composer: Diego Ortiz
Time period: renaissance
Genre: variations on a common tune
Toccata No. 3 from Libro Primo
Composer: Girolamo Frescobaldi
Time period: Baroque
Genre: Toccata
Country: Italy
Music for after the Credo from “Fiori musicali”
Composer: Girolamo Frescobaldi (like a lame-o gyro)
Time period: Baroque
Genre: Ricercar
Country: Italy
Armide: Overture
Composer: Jean-Baptiste Lully
Time period: Baroque
Genre: Tragedie en musique or French Opera
Sub genre: French overture
Country France
Trio sonata in D Major, Op. 3 no. 2
Mvt 1
Mvt 2
Composer: Arcangelo Corelli
Time period: Baroque
Genre: trio sonata
Mvt 1: Grave
Mvt 2: Allegro
Concerto for Violin in A minor, Op. 3 no. 6
Mvt 1
Mvt 2
Composer: Antonio Vivaldi
Time period: Baroque
Genre: violin concerto
Mvt 1: Allegro
Mvt 2: Largo
Country: Italy
Ricercar
- imitative piece based on a continuous development of a single subject
- precursor to the fuge
Prelude
A short piece of music that introduces a larger work
Subject
- The melody progression in a fugue that’s repeated in different voices throughout the piece.
- A combination of melodic material and tonal language that creates a long movement out of a small amount of musical material
Sonata
- each movement based on a single subject with continuous expansion
- has a tonal sense of direction
- four movements in the same or closely related keys
- typical layout is slow-fast-slow-fast
- very limted harmonic pallate
- emphasis on lyricism over virtuosity
- typical traits: walking bass, dialogue between violins (trio sonata), lots of suspension and forward momentum
Binary form
- Two complimentary sections, usually repeated
- structure: A-A-B-B
- common in dance suites
Suite
- Dance music that was grouped in a few different movements, each movement representing a different dance
- stylized dances in groups of pieces that are in the same key
- most dances use binary form
- printed for amateurs since pros could improvise them
- meant to be played, not danced
- for personal enjoyment / small audiences
Ornamentation (agréments in French)
Decorations on top of a note that instruct a certain addition to be made.
Some mean turn, tremello, cadence, roll chord, arpegiate chord, etc.
French Overture
- both a form and a genre
- intended to accompany the entry of the king before the theatrical work
- established Lully’s ballets and operas
- two sections, each played twice
- homophonic, majestic, dotted rhythms
- faster second section, fugal imitation
Giovanni Gabrieli
- Italian
- renaissance (late 16th cent)
- wrote canzona in mode 7 for eight parts
- wrote pieces for instrument ensembles and no voice
- directed a consort named “venetian Loud Ensemble”
Arcangelo Corelli
- Baroque time period (late 17th century)
- 1666 studied violin and composition in Bologna
-1675 leading violinist and composer in Rome - organized and led the first orchestras in Italy
- Established foundation for violin playing
- his sonatas have never been out of print
Praeludium in E Major, BuxWV 141
Genre: Organ Prelude
Composer: Dieterich Buxtehude
Time period: Baroque
- Opening prelude for church
- Buxtehude wrote music down for his students
-its in toccata form - has fugal sections that alternate with improvise-like sections
Toccata No. 3
Composer: Girolamo Frescobaldi
Genre: Toccata
Time period: Baroque
- Unfolds as a series of brief phrases/sections
- Frescobaldi cared about the affection of music and encouraged a loose following of tempo
Suite No. 3 in A Minor
Composer: Elisabeth-Claude Jaquet de la Guerre
Genre: Keyboard suite
Subgenre: Unmeasured Prélude
Time period: Baroque
-uses “style Luthé”, or playing in the style of a lute
- unmeasured prelude: no bar lines, rhythmic freedom
Elisabeth-Claude Jaquet de la Guerre
- late 17th, early 18th centuries (baroque)
- child prodigy, performed in Louis XIV’s court at age 5
- Louis liked her music
- most famous female harpsichordist and composer of baroque
- married an organist
- wrote in a wide variety of genres, including first opera written by a Frenchwoman
- published lots of music for amateurs
Improvisation through the 1750s
- Professional musicians expected to improvise through the renaissance and baroque periods
- music was only written down as a teaching aid or for amateurs
Therobo
Big lute with bass strings. Invented in the late 16th century to accompany operas. Good for basso continuo.
Johann Sebastian Bach
- Late 17th- mid 18th centuries (Baroque)
- came from a large family of professional musicians
- great, obsessive music teacher
- musical genius, could improvise complicated uses of counterpoint
- played organs his whole life and traveled to test them
- was old fashioned
- employed as a church organist, a court musician, ensemble conductor, and cantor of St. Thomas school
- composed cantatas for church and other pieces to challenge students
Antonio Vivaldi
- Baroque time period
- Italian
- violinist, composer, and teacher
- music instructor for girls at “Pio Ospedale della Pietà”
Wrote 500 concertos, and most works were written for the women and girls at the Ospedale
Ritornello form
- Used in first and third faster movements of Vivaldi’s concertos
- full orchestra alternates with soloist in small units
Concerto
- a soloist is accompanied by an orchestra
- Vivaldi’s had three movement structure
- First: fast. Second: slow (same or related key) third: fast, shorter
Fuge
a subject is introduced, then repeated and overlapped in different voices
“La visionaire” from the 25th ordre
Composer: François Couperin (cooper had a vision to go to france)
Timer period: Baroque
Genre: keyboard suite
Prelude and Fuge in A minor, BWV 543
Mvt 1
Mvt 2
Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach
Time period: Baroque
Genre: organ prelude and fuge
Mvt 1: prelude
Mvt 2: fuge
