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Production Ops > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the estimated max porosity for a pay zone?

A

38%

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2
Q

Permeability is measured in what units?

A

millidarcies

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3
Q

What number range is considered “good” for permeability?

A

10-100md for oil and 1-10md for gas.

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4
Q

What does POS stand for?

A

Probability of Success, may be expressed as P10, P50 and P90.

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5
Q

What drilling system do the crown and travelling block belong to?

A

Hoisting system.

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6
Q

A shale shaker belongs to what drilling system?

A

Circulating system.

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7
Q

What “tools” are used to evaluate a well?

A

Cores, DSTs (drill stem tests), open hole logs and record logs.

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8
Q

A drill stem test determines?

A

Flow rate, permeability, pressures, fluids, reservoir characteristics and formation damage.

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9
Q

Surface casing is used to…

A

…protect groundwater, mounting BOP and provides hole stability in shallow zones.

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10
Q

Intermediate casing is used to…

A

…prevent or eliminate problems from upper zones, requirement for deeper wells.

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11
Q

Production casing is used to…

A

…isolate potential hydrocarbon formations and is only run if the well is deemed to be economical.

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12
Q

Coiled tubing units are mainly used for?

A

Well stimulations and clean outs.

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13
Q

Wireline units are mainly used for?

A

Logging and perforating.

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14
Q

Slicklines are used to…

A

…raise and lower tools, run plugs, and bailers for debris.

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15
Q

What is the function of the wellhead?

A

Seals the well from atmosphere, provides a method to hang tubing string and directs the flow. Designed to withstand temp, pressure, fluid and operating conditions for the life of the well.

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16
Q

A lift system good for low to med volume and are common and easy to repair are?

A

Pump jacks.

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17
Q

Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) are…

A

…excellent for solids handling and highly viscous fluids and use a rotor and stator.

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18
Q

A lift system good for high volume and depth range with variable speed controls is?

A

Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP).

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19
Q

How does a gas lift work?

A

Sweet gas is injected into the casing, it decreases the fluid gradient in the tubing inducing well inflow.

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20
Q

How does a plunger lift work?

A

Plunger is dropped into tubing, reservoir pressure builds forcing the plunger to surface, carries fluid to surface, used in low rate gas wells.

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21
Q

Characteristics of gathering pipelines are?

A

Multiphase with solids, low pressure, small diameter. Takes fluid from wells to facilities.

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22
Q

Characteristics of feeder pipelines?

A

Clean fluids, short, small to med diameter, high pressure. Takes fluid from facilities to transmission lines.

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23
Q

Characteristics of transmission pipelines?

A

Clean fluids, long distances, large diameter, high pressure. It’s a feeder line to downstream facilities.

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24
Q

Characteristics of distribution pipelines?

A

mainly natural gas, short distances, small diameter, med pressure. Takes product from transmission to end use customer.

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25
Q

What Law of Thermodynamics are all temperature devices based on?

A

Zeroth, 2 systems having equal temps to a 3rd system will have equal temps to each other.

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26
Q

What are some examples of temperature instruments?

A

Thermocouple, electrical resistance devices (RTD), thermowell, infrared & optical pyrometers (heat gun).

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27
Q

What does P&ID stand for?

A

Process and Instrument Diagram, the “blue print” for industrial systems. It identifies vessels, instruments (L.P.T.F.), switches and pipes.

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28
Q

What is pressure?

A

The random motion of particles, it is the quantified force exerted on an area.

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29
Q

What is the most critical measurement in an oilfield system and must be measured accurately?

A

Pressure.

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30
Q

A pressure gauge measures…

A

…a force causing a material deflection, it is a manual read. A common type is a bourdon tube.

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31
Q

What does a transducer do?

A

Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy (reads it).

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32
Q

What is a transmitter?

A

It is a transducer+power supply+signal conditioner (sends it).

33
Q

What is the easiest to understand but hard to measure accurately, flow control system?

A

Level.

34
Q

What does level measure?

A

The interface between 2 different media (gas and liquid) and/or the interface between 2 liquids of differing sgs (oil and water).

35
Q

Point level measurement types are?

A

Tapes, chains and floats.

36
Q

What are level transmitters?

A

Computer based control systems, continuous to process, GWR (guided wave radar) microwaves at the speed of light, non-contacting radar, ultrasonic.

37
Q

What are pressure transmitters?

A

Inferred pressure based on liquid forces exerted at the base of the column, sensitive to densities.

38
Q

The most difficult flow control to measure accurately is?

A

Flow. Measured as a rate (qty vs time) and is fluid type dependent.

39
Q

The 4 types of flow measurement are?

A
  1. Volumetric (positive displacement)
  2. Velocity ((Q=VxA)
  3. Inferential (∆P across orifice)
  4. Mass (Coriolis meter)
40
Q

What units is gas measured in?

A

e3m3/d (metric) or Mscf/d.

41
Q

What units are oil and water measured in?

A

m3/d or bbl/d.

42
Q

Control loops are defined as?

A

Closed (automatic feedback) or open (output has no effect on input).

43
Q

What are the 4 basic components of all control systems?

A
  1. Sensor
  2. Transmitter
  3. Controller
  4. Final control element
44
Q

What is a sensor?

A

Device that measures the variable to be controlled.

45
Q

What is a transmitter?

A

Device that translates and communicates the info from the sensor to the controller.

46
Q

What is the controller?

A

The “brains” of the system, makes the decision on how to manipulate the final control element to affect the measured value to the desired outcome.

47
Q

What is the desired outcome referred to as?

A

Set point.

48
Q

What is the final control element?

A

Device that manipulates the process under control.

49
Q

The signal to the final control element from the controller is called?

A

The output.

50
Q

Pneumatic transmitters use…

A

…an air pressure signal, range 3-15psi output, proportional to actual value.

51
Q

Electronic transmitters have…

A

…4-20mA or 1-5v output range.

52
Q

How many acres are there in a section of land?

A

640 acres (259 hectares).

53
Q

How many acres are there in a LSD?

A

40 acres.

54
Q

How many acres are there in a 1/4 section?

A

160 acres.

55
Q

How many meridians are there in the DLS?

A

7

56
Q

Townships are between what to parallels?

A

49th and 60th

57
Q

Range lines run…

A

…north-south.

58
Q

Township lines run…

A

…east-west

59
Q

How often do road allowances occur?

A

Between every section east-west and every 2 sections north-south.

60
Q

What does NTS stand for?

A

National Topographic System

61
Q

A map unit in the NTS is divided into how many map unit subdivisions?

A

16, starting with A.

62
Q

A map unit subdivision in the NTS is divided into how many map sheets?

A

16, starting with 1.

63
Q

A map sheet in the NTS is divided into how many blocks?

A

12, starting with A.

64
Q

A block in the NTS is divided into how many units?

A

100, starting with 1.

65
Q

A unit in the NTS is divided into how many subunits?

A

4, starting with a.

66
Q

What rights need to be obtained before a drilling operation can commence?

A

Mineral and surface.

67
Q

What are the advantages of a vertical separator?

A

Level control not so critical, handles larger quantities of sand and mud without fouling, easier to clean out.

68
Q

What are the advantages of horizontal separators?

A

Cheaper than vertical, easier to ship on skid assemblies, easier to pipe up, more area available for settling.

69
Q

What are the advantages of spherical separators?

A

Cheaper than either vertical or horizontal, compact.

70
Q

What are the components of a separator?

A

Inlet, weir, demister, outlets for different fluids, level controls.

71
Q

What is the function of an oil treater, also known as a heater treater?

A

To treat emulsion coming into the treater using heat to separate the water from oil. Chemicals can also be added before entering the heater to help facilitate separation.

72
Q

What are the 2 types of emulsion?

A
  1. Water droplet surrounded by oil.

2. Oil droplet surrounded by water.

73
Q

What is BS&W?

A

Base sediment and water, pipeline spec is typically 0.5%.

74
Q

What is gas compression?

A

The action of taking a volume of gas at a low pressure and reducing the volume while the pressure is increased.

75
Q

What are the 2 main classifications of compressors?

A

Positive displacement and dynamic.

76
Q

What is the function of a glycol dehydrator?

A

To reduce the water vapour content in natural gas.

77
Q

What is the function of a FWKO?

A

The free water knock out is where the majority of the free water in the production stream settles out.

78
Q

A demulsifier is added at an oil battery to…

A

…enhance the break out of produced water.

79
Q

What is an oil battery treater?

A

Is where the final cleanup brings the oil to pipeline specs.

Production Ops (1 decks)

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