Final Exam

Question 1

What is the estimated max porosity for a pay zone?

Answer 1

38%

Question 2

Permeability is measured in what units?

Answer 2

millidarcies

Question 3

What number range is considered “good” for permeability?

Answer 3

10-100md for oil and 1-10md for gas.

Question 4

What does POS stand for?

Answer 4

Probability of Success, may be expressed as P10, P50 and P90.

Question 5

What drilling system do the crown and travelling block belong to?

Answer 5

Hoisting system.

Question 6

A shale shaker belongs to what drilling system?

Answer 6

Circulating system.

Question 7

What “tools” are used to evaluate a well?

Answer 7

Cores, DSTs (drill stem tests), open hole logs and record logs.

Question 8

A drill stem test determines?

Answer 8

Flow rate, permeability, pressures, fluids, reservoir characteristics and formation damage.

Question 9

Surface casing is used to…

Answer 9

…protect groundwater, mounting BOP and provides hole stability in shallow zones.

Question 10

Intermediate casing is used to…

Answer 10

…prevent or eliminate problems from upper zones, requirement for deeper wells.

Question 11

Production casing is used to…

Answer 11

…isolate potential hydrocarbon formations and is only run if the well is deemed to be economical.

Question 12

Coiled tubing units are mainly used for?

Answer 12

Well stimulations and clean outs.

Question 13

Wireline units are mainly used for?

Answer 13

Logging and perforating.

Question 14

Slicklines are used to…

Answer 14

…raise and lower tools, run plugs, and bailers for debris.

Question 15

What is the function of the wellhead?

Answer 15

Seals the well from atmosphere, provides a method to hang tubing string and directs the flow. Designed to withstand temp, pressure, fluid and operating conditions for the life of the well.

Question 16

A lift system good for low to med volume and are common and easy to repair are?

Answer 16

Pump jacks.

Question 17

Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) are…

Answer 17

…excellent for solids handling and highly viscous fluids and use a rotor and stator.

Question 18

A lift system good for high volume and depth range with variable speed controls is?

Answer 18

Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP).

Question 19

How does a gas lift work?

Answer 19

Sweet gas is injected into the casing, it decreases the fluid gradient in the tubing inducing well inflow.

Question 20

How does a plunger lift work?

Answer 20

Plunger is dropped into tubing, reservoir pressure builds forcing the plunger to surface, carries fluid to surface, used in low rate gas wells.

Question 21

Characteristics of gathering pipelines are?

Answer 21

Multiphase with solids, low pressure, small diameter. Takes fluid from wells to facilities.

Question 22

Characteristics of feeder pipelines?

Answer 22

Clean fluids, short, small to med diameter, high pressure. Takes fluid from facilities to transmission lines.

Question 23

Characteristics of transmission pipelines?

Answer 23

Clean fluids, long distances, large diameter, high pressure. It’s a feeder line to downstream facilities.

Question 24

Characteristics of distribution pipelines?

Answer 24

mainly natural gas, short distances, small diameter, med pressure. Takes product from transmission to end use customer.

Question 25

What Law of Thermodynamics are all temperature devices based on?

Answer 25

Zeroth, 2 systems having equal temps to a 3rd system will have equal temps to each other.

Question 26

What are some examples of temperature instruments?

Answer 26

Thermocouple, electrical resistance devices (RTD), thermowell, infrared & optical pyrometers (heat gun).

Question 27

What does P&ID stand for?

Answer 27

Process and Instrument Diagram, the "blue print" for industrial systems. It identifies vessels, instruments (L.P.T.F.), switches and pipes.

Question 28

What is pressure?

Answer 28

The random motion of particles, it is the quantified force exerted on an area.

Question 29

What is the most critical measurement in an oilfield system and must be measured accurately?

Answer 29

Pressure.

Question 30

A pressure gauge measures...

Answer 30

…a force causing a material deflection, it is a manual read. A common type is a bourdon tube.

Question 31

What does a transducer do?

Answer 31

Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy (reads it).

Question 32

What is a transmitter?

Answer 32

It is a transducer+power supply+signal conditioner (sends it).

Question 33

What is the easiest to understand but hard to measure accurately, flow control system?

Answer 33

Level.

Question 34

What does level measure?

Answer 34

The interface between 2 different media (gas and liquid) and/or the interface between 2 liquids of differing sgs (oil and water).

Question 35

Point level measurement types are?

Answer 35

Tapes, chains and floats.

Question 36

What are level transmitters?

Answer 36

Computer based control systems, continuous to process, GWR (guided wave radar) microwaves at the speed of light, non-contacting radar, ultrasonic.

Question 37

What are pressure transmitters?

Answer 37

Inferred pressure based on liquid forces exerted at the base of the column, sensitive to densities.

Question 38

The most difficult flow control to measure accurately is?

Answer 38

Flow. Measured as a rate (qty vs time) and is fluid type dependent.

Question 39

The 4 types of flow measurement are?

Answer 39

1. Volumetric (positive displacement) 2. Velocity ((Q=VxA) 3. Inferential (∆P across orifice) 4. Mass (Coriolis meter)

Question 40

What units is gas measured in?

Answer 40

e3m3/d (metric) or Mscf/d.

Question 41

What units are oil and water measured in?

Answer 41

m3/d or bbl/d.

Question 42

Control loops are defined as?

Answer 42

Closed (automatic feedback) or open (output has no effect on input).

Question 43

What are the 4 basic components of all control systems?

Answer 43

1. Sensor 2. Transmitter 3. Controller 4. Final control element

Question 44

What is a sensor?

Answer 44

Device that measures the variable to be controlled.

Question 45

What is a transmitter?

Answer 45

Device that translates and communicates the info from the sensor to the controller.

Question 46

What is the controller?

Answer 46

The "brains" of the system, makes the decision on how to manipulate the final control element to affect the measured value to the desired outcome.

Question 47

What is the desired outcome referred to as?

Answer 47

Set point.

Question 48

What is the final control element?

Answer 48

Device that manipulates the process under control.

Question 49

The signal to the final control element from the controller is called?

Answer 49

The output.

Question 50

Pneumatic transmitters use...

Answer 50

…an air pressure signal, range 3-15psi output, proportional to actual value.

Question 51

Electronic transmitters have...

Answer 51

…4-20mA or 1-5v output range.

Question 52

How many acres are there in a section of land?

Answer 52

640 acres (259 hectares).

Question 53

How many acres are there in a LSD?

Answer 53

40 acres.

Question 54

How many acres are there in a 1/4 section?

Answer 54

160 acres.

Question 55

How many meridians are there in the DLS?

Answer 55

7

Question 56

Townships are between what to parallels?

Answer 56

49th and 60th

Question 57

Range lines run...

Answer 57

…north-south.

Question 58

Township lines run...

Answer 58

…east-west

Question 59

How often do road allowances occur?

Answer 59

Between every section east-west and every 2 sections north-south.

Question 60

What does NTS stand for?

Answer 60

National Topographic System

Question 61

A map unit in the NTS is divided into how many map unit subdivisions?

Answer 61

16, starting with A.

Question 62

A map unit subdivision in the NTS is divided into how many map sheets?

Answer 62

16, starting with 1.

Question 63

A map sheet in the NTS is divided into how many blocks?

Answer 63

12, starting with A.

Question 64

A block in the NTS is divided into how many units?

Answer 64

100, starting with 1.

Question 65

A unit in the NTS is divided into how many subunits?

Answer 65

4, starting with a.

Question 66

What rights need to be obtained before a drilling operation can commence?

Answer 66

Mineral and surface.

Question 67

What are the advantages of a vertical separator?

Answer 67

Level control not so critical, handles larger quantities of sand and mud without fouling, easier to clean out.

Question 68

What are the advantages of horizontal separators?

Answer 68

Cheaper than vertical, easier to ship on skid assemblies, easier to pipe up, more area available for settling.

Question 69

What are the advantages of spherical separators?

Answer 69

Cheaper than either vertical or horizontal, compact.

Question 70

What are the components of a separator?

Answer 70

Inlet, weir, demister, outlets for different fluids, level controls.

Question 71

What is the function of an oil treater, also known as a heater treater?

Answer 71

To treat emulsion coming into the treater using heat to separate the water from oil. Chemicals can also be added before entering the heater to help facilitate separation.

Question 72

What are the 2 types of emulsion?

Answer 72

1. Water droplet surrounded by oil. | 2. Oil droplet surrounded by water.

Question 73

What is BS&W?

Answer 73

Base sediment and water, pipeline spec is typically 0.5%.

Question 74

What is gas compression?

Answer 74

The action of taking a volume of gas at a low pressure and reducing the volume while the pressure is increased.

Question 75

What are the 2 main classifications of compressors?

Answer 75

Positive displacement and dynamic.

Question 76

What is the function of a glycol dehydrator?

Answer 76

To reduce the water vapour content in natural gas.

Question 77

What is the function of a FWKO?

Answer 77

The free water knock out is where the majority of the free water in the production stream settles out.

Question 78

A demulsifier is added at an oil battery to...

Answer 78

…enhance the break out of produced water.

Question 79

What is an oil battery treater?

Answer 79

Is where the final cleanup brings the oil to pipeline specs.