Final exam Flashcards
Fourteen points
wilson’s plan for peace; know six: 1. abolition of secret diplomacy;2. freedom of the seas; 3. removal of international economic barriers; 4. reduction of arms; 5. impartial adjustments of colonial claims or self-determination; 6. establishment of general association of nations
Treaty of Versailles
Important! - big 4- German loss of colonial possessions, loss of European territory, reduction of the army, surrender all military equipment, reparation of 56.5 bill.
Article 231
war guilt clause; forced the central powers to assume responsibility for starting the war. reason for harsh restrictions against Germany.
Article X
senate didn’t like it and was one reason they wouldn’t sign treaty; senate feared league of nations would be able to send american troops without consent of congress.
Big four
four main players in paris conference (where they came up with treaty of vs.); president wilson, David Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemenceau (fran), Vittorio orlando (Italy)
Uncle Shylock
characterization of uncle sam; comes from Shakespeare’s merchant of venice; shylock the loan shark; US wants to collect debt
Dawes Plan
reduce the annual payment for Germany, extend the time for payment, given more loans
Young plan
Dawes and young = priming the pump; set amount of time they had to pay up
Priming the pump
us gives Germany money bc the us was owed money from GB and France; US hopes that Germany will pay up and then GB and France will pay the US; term comes from pumping the well.
League of Nations
formed after WW1 to promote international peace and security; fails; cant stop WWII
Washington Conference
Took place in washington DC; GB, US, Japan, France, Italy, China, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal-naval Disarmament
Four Power Treaty
Us, GB, Japan and France; Says they are going to respect one another’s rights in the pacific; confer in the event of a dispute. (resolving problems in pacific ocean)
Five power treaty
GB; US; Japan; France, & Italy. Fixes the relative tonnage od warships for each nation. 5, 5, 3, 1 2/3, 1 2/3; everyone had to expand and shrink at the same rate; grants a 10yr moratorium where no one builds ships (balance of Naval Power)
Nine Power Treaty
all at the conference; deals with china keeping open door policy; guarantees the political and territorial integrity of china
Locarno Pact
Sets boundaries after WWI; says that everyone’s okay with the way things are set up; agree to never go to war with each other; GB, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and poland; agree to demilitarization of Rhineland
Kellogg Briand Pact
outlaws war; means nothing
Geneva conference
talked for 6 weeks; solved nothing
Independent Internationalism
Title given to the time after WWI and before WWII; not isolationism; US didn’t Join all of the political organizations but were still active globally and economically.
How did the US officially end WWI?
president harding signed a resolution saying war with Germany is over in 1921.
Hoover’s Offer to England
give up bermuda, honduras, and trinidad; all debt is forgiven; did not agree; fact that US wanted all of these islands showed that imperialism was still alive
WWII
Fought over fascism not communism
Collective Security
idea that the league of nations will come together and stop aggression; does not happen bc the US doesn’t join the league because they didn’t sign the treaty.
Anthony Eden
minister of foreign affairs, later prime minister; from England; came up with collective security
Totalitarianism
complete control of a leader over a nation
Fascism
govt. control over everything but believes in private property
Ethiopia
lynch pin of WWII; one of the failures of collective security and league of nations; 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia and no one does anything to stop it. End of collective security.
Benito Mussolini
fascist; leader of Italy; ally of hitler
Spanish Civil War
spanish republic against the Fascists; when hitler and Mussolini are helping franco; hitler tries out blitzkrieg; russians support the spanish republic which leads to thinking that spanish are communists
Lincoln Battalion
a group of volunteers from the US that went to fight fascism on the side of the spanish republic; example of revisionism.
Fransico Franco
a fascist leader of spain after spanish civil war; only fascist power after WWII
Neville Chamberlain
great appeaser; decides that collective security is not working so he uses appeasement to get hitler to stop; doesn’t work Munich conference
Appeasment
giving the dictator what they want so they stop being a dick-tator
Why did England and France appease Germany?
- Haunted by WWI; 2. believed t of Vs was too harsh on germans; 3. GB and france were not ready for war militarily or economically; 4. triple entant was dead; 5. didn’t have Support of US
Tripartite Pact
Japan, Italy, and Germany; Fascists; NOT RUSSIA
Non Agression Pact
Germany and russia agreeing to not fight each other. both are trying to buy time before war breaks out; Germany wanted to execute the schlieffen plan which did work in WWII; Russia wasn’t ready because industry was close to Germany
Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims
destruction of the treaty of versailles; conquest and colonization of eastern Europe; and the holocaust; not a communist
Blitzkrieg
Lightening war; how hitler was going to fight his wars; throws everything at the enemy then leaves before they can retaliate
Battle for Britain
where radar becomes very important; hitler uses blitzkrieg warfare; Luftwaffe (german aircraft involved in fighting; Failure for germans
Royal Air Force - British air force; the ones that fight in the battle for Britain; mostly fought in the skies
Operation Magic
operation that was set up to interpret japanese codes during WWII; We have the ability to decipher the messages but pearl harbor still happened because there weren’t enough people working
Pearl Harbor
attacked by the japanese; event that draws america into the war; December 7, 1941
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan during WWII
St. Louis
Ship that leaves Germany after night of the broken glass; 900 jews are aboard looking for asylum in central america; they were turned away and head to miami, turned away and forced to go back to Europe. greeted by nazis and taken to concentration camps
Tokyo Napalm
spring of ’45; US kills 84k people in one day; incinery bombs
The babies have been delivered
the code that the atomic bomb has been successfully tested; at the Potsdam conference
Manhattan Project
the atomic bomb program; code name for the development project
Treaty of Portsmouth
ends war between japan and russian; takes place in Portsmouth, NH; japan wanted land and they get some of what they want but still walk away angry
Munich conference
peace in our time; takes place in Munich, Germany; involves Germany, GB, France, and Italy; agree to surrender the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia; prime example of appeasement
Potsdam Conference
FDR NOT present; truman, stalin, churchill (replaced by Richard Atlee); meeting to discuss agreements reached at yalta; right before end of war; truman got confirmation that atom bomb was tested successfully; Potsdam declaration says that if japan doesn’t surrender they will face prompt utter destruction.
Atlantic Charter
1941; FDR and Churchill; they are developing their war goals; meeting in Newfoundland; 8 major points that come out of this: self determination of all people, equal access to raw materials, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, collective security and disarmament.
Tehran Conference
1943; FDR, Churchill, &Stalin; Plan the war against Germany; figuring out the plans; Post war Cooperation in the UN; also where stalin promises to enter the war against japan after Germany was defeated; meeting in Iran
Casablanca Conference
Takes place in French Morocco; FDR and Churchill; unconditional axis surrender
Moscow Agreement
meeting in Moscow; churchill and stalin; leads to the cold war; churchill tells stalin he can have whatever he wants after the war; Let’s Stalin know that US and GB are okay with Soviet Union controlling part of eastern Europe; Stalin is mad because it takes away his negotiating power after the war.
Yalta Conference
Crimes in Soviet Union; Churchill, FDR, and Stalin; agree to 4 power occupation of Germany; founding conference for the UN is scheduled to happen later that year; reiteration that the soviet union will enter the war against Japan and guarantees a representative government in poland (doesn’t actually Happen)
Warsaw Pact
Mutual defense agreement; the opposite to NATO; bound signatories to support and come to the aid of each other if military aggression arrises
Peace In Our Time
After the conference Churchill goes back with a paper and says “I hold in my hand, Peace in our time.” he does this because he thinks he’s finally made hitler happy; ironically WWII breaks out less than a year later
Cold War
he political and economical struggle between the capitalists, democratic western powers and the communist bloc after WWII; marked by massive military build ups, intensive economic competition and hostile diplomatic relations
Marshall Plan
the rebuilding of Europe; gives money to countries if they promise not to be communists
USA recognition of Russia
1917-1933 the US doesn’t recognize russia as a legitimate country; in 1933 the russian economy is the only one growing in the great depression so we recognize them for our own good
Ike Eisenhower
pushes the policies of containment, the truman doctrine and the marshall plan
Nikita Krushchev
russian leader after stalin; relations between US and russia thawed during the cold war; he was part of the cuban missile crisis
Truman Doctrine
policy of containment; providing aid to Greece and turkey
John Foster Dulles
American that comes up with the mutual defense pact. secretary of state under Eisenhower; said containment policy was too passive.
Liberation
idea of rolling back communism instead of just containing it
Containment
Truman Doctrine; keeping communism where it is; not letting it spread any more
Red Scare
McCarthysim during the 1950’s; Americans are terrified that communists will take over; Causes: russians get the atomic bomb earlier than expected, china falls to communism, korean war
Massive retaliation
if you get out of line we will nuke you
More Bang for A Buck or More Rubble for a ruble
with the atomic bomb you can destroy more for less money; as technology & efficiency progressed, we could make better and more destructive bombs for the same amount of money. same went for russia
Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles; he believes that the communists are evil and the capitalists are good. If good and evil fight, evil will back down. If you bring Communists to the brink of war, they will back down first; what JFK uses in the cuban missile crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
USSR wants to put missiles in cuba and the US doesn’t want that to happen because then russia will be able to attach the US; US creates blockade around cuba and keeps russia out leading them to back down. Looks like a huge win for JFK but it turns out that they both gave in a little bit. US had to remove missiles from turkey.
Marxist Destiny
Speech given by stalin saying that he is going to spread communism to the world
Iron Curtain
speech churchill gives saying that the iron curtain has descended upon Europe. Western (Capitalists) and eastern (communists) are separated
National Security Act
Reformats government to combat communism; Department of defense, CIA, and national security council (think tank for president)
National Security Council
coordinates defense and foreign policy for US, President, VP Secretary of defense, and secretary of state
NSC 68
americans are going to be a police force against communism; National security council resolution # 68
Department of Defense
created by the national security act and it combines the responsibilities of the secretary of war and secretary of the navy. now one body presiding over the military.
CIA
Central Intelligence agency; responsible for collecting information through open and covert messages on behalf of american goals
NATO - ID
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; intended to protect the west from communism; mutual defensive military alliance; Warsaw pact created in response to nato
Francis Gary Powers
U2 spy plane pilot; shot down in soviet union
Fall of China
China falls to communism; one of the things that leads to the red scare
Chiang Kai-Shek
nationalist leader of china before the revolution; he is the on defeated
Mao Tse Tung (Mao Zedong)
communist leader of china after the revolution
Taiwan
Chiang Kai-Shek flees here after Mao Tse Tung takes over
Korean War
another factor in the red scare; north korea communist, south korea was not communist; north invades south; The UN Aids south korea; War fought over communism; in the end its still divided by the 38th parallel; demilitarization zone was established between North and south
Mutual Defense Pact
formed by the Dulles; combines entire non-communist world; if you go to war we go to war with you; if someone attacks you then we’ll help you
Sputnik
russian satellite launched into space before the united states; one of the few things Russia beats the US to
Counterinsurgency
JFK’s new way to fight communism; wants to train the native forces so they can fight their own battles; Green Barretts are the ones doing the training; does not work; Vietnam is an example of their failure
Bay of Pigs Invasion
JFK’s Plan; wants cuban exiles to try and get Castro out of power; we train the exiles in Guatemala and arm them, then take them back to cuba to invade. they were all soon captured or killed by the cuban army; totally unsuccessful
Missile Gap
JFK’s claim that the russians have more missiles than we do; this creates/intensifies the arms race
Berlin Wall
Dividing east and west berlin; East berlin is communist; just to keep the people of the east in the city
Berlin Blockade
Stalin sets up a Blockade around West Berlin; US airlifts in supplies to west berlin - its how we beat the Blockade; The berlin Blockade made the city a worldwide symbol for the resistance of communism
Afghanistan
The russian Vietnam; Afghan anti-communist muslim groups trying to overthrow a communist govt., which was aided by soviet troops; during this the US supports what are now terrorist groups; the enemy of my enemy is my friend - the idea of coming together for a common enemy
Carter Doctrine
states that the united states is willing to go to war over the persian gulf; want to protect the persian gulf from soviet invasion
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Create a self sufficient bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of western powers
