FINAL EXAM Flashcards by Jackie Marquez

What are the components of a primary research article?

Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgements, References

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This component of a primary research article is concise and used to cover the main ideas.

Abstract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This component of a primary research article states the problem, the background of the subject, and states the purpose and hypothesis

Introduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This component of a primary research article describes the various techniques used and gives enough information for research to be repeatable

Methods

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this component of a primary research article explains what was done and what was determined

results

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this component of a primary research article expresses opinions and suggests further research

discussion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

general format of a literature review

introduction and background, body of the paper, conclusion, acknowledgements, references

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are motivations for salami science?

publish or perish, impression of increased productiivity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a characteristic that can be manipulated or observed and that can take on different values, either qualitatively or quantitatively

variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the variables that might change in response to some intervention

dependent variables

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defines a variable within its unique meaning within a study

operational

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

declarative statement that predicts relationships between independent and dependent variables in a specific population

the research hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this hypothesis is based on theoretical premise

deductive hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this hypothesis is based on trends, patterns, or relationships that are observed

inductive hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the research hypothesis Ha is your best guess answer to the research question; the expectation that is to be tested

alternative hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

opposite of the research hypothesis; we assume no relationship exists between variables until reasonable evidence is accumulated to convince us otherwise

null hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

predicts a relationship or association between variables, rather than a difference

relational hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an educated guess, a process of inferring features of a population by looking at a small sample

inferential statistics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

number that tend to cluster around the middle of a set of values

measures of central tendency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the average can denote three different measures of central tendency

mode, median, mean

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an observation that falls well above or well below the overall bulk of the data

outliers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this describes the average distance of an observation of the mean

standard deviation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

measure of variability that is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage

coefficient of variation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the empirical rule +/- 1SD

68.2%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the empirical rule +/- 2SD

95.5%

the empirical rule +/- 3SD

99.7%

calculated by dividing the deviation of an individual score from the mean by the standard deviation

z-scores

group of statistics that are related, make distributional assumptions like gaussian distribution

parametric stats

group of statistics that are non normal distributions, extremely small sample sizes, include chi- square analysis. wilcoxin- ranking, and others

non parametric stats

defined as the study of random events; plays a central role in statistical analysis in that we decide a probability level in the significance of a test

probability

the distribution obtained by computing the statistic for a large number of samples drawn from the same population

sampling distribution

the standard deviation of a theoretical sampling distribution is the....

standard error of the mean

range of scores with specific boundaries or confidence limits. that should contain the population mean; CI is based on the sample mean and its standard error

confidence interval

results of an analysis are unlikely to be due to chance at a specified probability level

statistical significance

the (blank) states that the observed differences are due to chance; once rejected then the researcher may accept the (blank)

null hypothesis; alternative hypothesis

when we conclude that a real difference exists, when the difference are in fact due to chance; calling the results statistically significant

type 1 error

when we conclude that the differences are due to chance, when the samples are truly different. calling the results not statistically significant when they really are

type 2 error

observations take numerical values that represent different magnitudes of the variable; measure how much of something

quantitative variables

have only one of a limited set of values, can only be expressed as whole numbers

discrete data values

have a range and may take any value within that range, divisions we make are arbitrary to meet our measurement needs

continuous

consists of arbitrary labels with no implied order; unranked; categorical.

nominal data

consists of numerical ranked data that is ranked according to some criterion; each rank is different from the others, but the differences may not be equal

ordinal data

consists of ranked data with intervals between each order being equal but with no meaningful zero point

interval data

like interval data, but zero point is meaningful; highest level of measurement

ratio data

what are the levels of research

scientific method, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, trial and error, authority, tradition

we accept the truths as givens; not questioned

tradition

turn to an expert

authority

keep trying until something works

trial and error

start with a premise or known scientific principle, tie that premise in with other observations to make a conclusion

deductive reasoning

gather facts and observations without preconceived notions, facts about a sample leads to conclusions about a whole

inductive reasoning

includes deduction and induction, systematic, empirical, and controlled analysis

scientific method

acquisition of new knowledge for its own sake, without reference to potential practical use

basic research

directed toward solving immediate practical problems with functional applications and testing the theories that direct practice

applied research

structured process of investigating facts and theories in medicine, exploring connections, improving patient care

clinical research

research continuum

descriptive, exploratory, experimental

this type of research describes populations

descriptive research

this type of research finds relationships

exploratory

this type of research determines cause and affect

experimental

list the research process

identify the research question design the study carry out methods data analysis

if enough evidence accumulates to discredit a theory, then a blank might occur

paradigm shift

researcher chooses a subgroup of the population called the

sample

individuals selected for a sample over-represent or under represent certain population attributes that relate to study variables

sampling bias

inclusion criteria that might qualify someone as a subject

gender disease state having received a particular treatment only certain symptoms

exclusion criteria that might preclude or prevent someone from being a subject

-extreme ages -those with conditions/diseases additional to the disease under study - ambiguous symptoms - those w certain disabilities or deficits that affect how they can participate

every person in the population has an equal chance or "probability" of being chosen

random sampling

convenience sampling; chosen on basis of availability; picking your own sample

non probability sampling

3 essential characteristics of an experiment

- independent variable manipulated by the researcher - a control group must be incorporated into the design - subjects must be randomly assigned to groups

factors that are not directly related to purpose of study but can still affect the dependent variable

extraneous variables

factors that contaminate the independent variable so that the separate effects of the variables are obscured; a variable you are unable to control

confounding variables

these variables are not measured in the study but can have confounding effects. variables that you don't think about or discover until later, if at all

lurking variables

neither subjects or investigators know the identity of treatment groups until after the data are collected or analyzed

double blinding

either the subjects are unaware of treatment type but researcher knows or vice versa

single blinding

this is a true experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to at least two companion groups

randomized controlled trial

experimental studies that examine the effect of interventions on patient or community populations; either therapeutic or preventative

clinical trials