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Research Design & Stats > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a primary research article?

A

Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgements, References

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2
Q

This component of a primary research article is concise and used to cover the main ideas.

A

Abstract

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3
Q

This component of a primary research article states the problem, the background of the subject, and states the purpose and hypothesis

A

Introduction

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4
Q

This component of a primary research article describes the various techniques used and gives enough information for research to be repeatable

A

Methods

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5
Q

this component of a primary research article explains what was done and what was determined

A

results

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6
Q

this component of a primary research article expresses opinions and suggests further research

A

discussion

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7
Q

general format of a literature review

A

introduction and background, body of the paper, conclusion, acknowledgements, references

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8
Q

what are motivations for salami science?

A

publish or perish, impression of increased productiivity

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9
Q

a characteristic that can be manipulated or observed and that can take on different values, either qualitatively or quantitatively

A

variable

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10
Q

the variables that might change in response to some intervention

A

dependent variables

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11
Q

defines a variable within its unique meaning within a study

A

operational

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12
Q

declarative statement that predicts relationships between independent and dependent variables in a specific population

A

the research hypothesis

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13
Q

this hypothesis is based on theoretical premise

A

deductive hypothesis

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14
Q

this hypothesis is based on trends, patterns, or relationships that are observed

A

inductive hypothesis

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15
Q

the research hypothesis Ha is your best guess answer to the research question; the expectation that is to be tested

A

alternative hypothesis

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16
Q

opposite of the research hypothesis; we assume no relationship exists between variables until reasonable evidence is accumulated to convince us otherwise

A

null hypothesis

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17
Q

predicts a relationship or association between variables, rather than a difference

A

relational hypothesis

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18
Q

an educated guess, a process of inferring features of a population by looking at a small sample

A

inferential statistics

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19
Q

number that tend to cluster around the middle of a set of values

A

measures of central tendency

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20
Q

the average can denote three different measures of central tendency

A

mode, median, mean

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21
Q

an observation that falls well above or well below the overall bulk of the data

A

outliers

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22
Q

this describes the average distance of an observation of the mean

A

standard deviation

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23
Q

measure of variability that is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage

A

coefficient of variation

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24
Q

the empirical rule +/- 1SD

A

68.2%

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25
Q

the empirical rule +/- 2SD

A

95.5%

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26
Q

the empirical rule +/- 3SD

A

99.7%

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27
Q

calculated by dividing the deviation of an individual score from the mean by the standard deviation

A

z-scores

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28
Q

group of statistics that are related, make distributional assumptions like gaussian distribution

A

parametric stats

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29
Q

group of statistics that are non normal distributions, extremely small sample sizes, include chi- square analysis. wilcoxin- ranking, and others

A

non parametric stats

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30
Q

defined as the study of random events; plays a central role in statistical analysis in that we decide a probability level in the significance of a test

A

probability

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31
Q

the distribution obtained by computing the statistic for a large number of samples drawn from the same population

A

sampling distribution

32
Q

the standard deviation of a theoretical sampling distribution is the….

A

standard error of the mean

33
Q

range of scores with specific boundaries or confidence limits. that should contain the population mean; CI is based on the sample mean and its standard error

A

confidence interval

34
Q

results of an analysis are unlikely to be due to chance at a specified probability level

A

statistical significance

35
Q

the (blank) states that the observed differences are due to chance; once rejected then the researcher may accept the (blank)

A

null hypothesis; alternative hypothesis

36
Q

when we conclude that a real difference exists, when the difference are in fact due to chance; calling the results statistically significant

A

type 1 error

37
Q

when we conclude that the differences are due to chance, when the samples are truly different. calling the results not statistically significant when they really are

A

type 2 error

38
Q

observations take numerical values that represent different magnitudes of the variable; measure how much of something

A

quantitative variables

39
Q

have only one of a limited set of values, can only be expressed as whole numbers

A

discrete data values

40
Q

have a range and may take any value within that range, divisions we make are arbitrary to meet our measurement needs

A

continuous

41
Q

consists of arbitrary labels with no implied order; unranked; categorical.

A

nominal data

42
Q

consists of numerical ranked data that is ranked according to some criterion; each rank is different from the others, but the differences may not be equal

A

ordinal data

43
Q

consists of ranked data with intervals between each order being equal but with no meaningful zero point

A

interval data

44
Q

like interval data, but zero point is meaningful; highest level of measurement

A

ratio data

45
Q

what are the levels of research

A

scientific method, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, trial and error, authority, tradition

46
Q

we accept the truths as givens; not questioned

A

tradition

47
Q

turn to an expert

A

authority

48
Q

keep trying until something works

A

trial and error

49
Q

start with a premise or known scientific principle, tie that premise in with other observations to make a conclusion

A

deductive reasoning

50
Q

gather facts and observations without preconceived notions, facts about a sample leads to conclusions about a whole

A

inductive reasoning

51
Q

includes deduction and induction, systematic, empirical, and controlled analysis

A

scientific method

52
Q

acquisition of new knowledge for its own sake, without reference to potential practical use

A

basic research

53
Q

directed toward solving immediate practical problems with functional applications and testing the theories that direct practice

A

applied research

54
Q

structured process of investigating facts and theories in medicine, exploring connections, improving patient care

A

clinical research

55
Q

research continuum

A

descriptive, exploratory, experimental

56
Q

this type of research describes populations

A

descriptive research

57
Q

this type of research finds relationships

A

exploratory

58
Q

this type of research determines cause and affect

A

experimental

59
Q

list the research process

A

identify the research question
design the study
carry out methods
data analysis

60
Q

if enough evidence accumulates to discredit a theory, then a blank might occur

A

paradigm shift

61
Q

researcher chooses a subgroup of the population called the

A

sample

62
Q

individuals selected for a sample over-represent or under represent certain population attributes that relate to study variables

A

sampling bias

63
Q

inclusion criteria that might qualify someone as a subject

A

gender
disease state
having received a particular treatment
only certain symptoms

64
Q

exclusion criteria that might preclude or prevent someone from being a subject

A

-extreme ages
-those with conditions/diseases additional to the disease under study
- ambiguous symptoms
- those w certain disabilities or deficits that affect how they can participate

65
Q

every person in the population has an equal chance or “probability” of being chosen

A

random sampling

66
Q

convenience sampling; chosen on basis of availability; picking your own sample

A

non probability sampling

67
Q

3 essential characteristics of an experiment

A
  • independent variable manipulated by the researcher
  • a control group must be incorporated into the design
  • subjects must be randomly assigned to groups
68
Q

factors that are not directly related to purpose of study but can still affect the dependent variable

A

extraneous variables

69
Q

factors that contaminate the independent variable so that the separate effects of the variables are obscured; a variable you are unable to control

A

confounding variables

70
Q

these variables are not measured in the study but can have confounding effects. variables that you don’t think about or discover until later, if at all

A

lurking variables

71
Q

neither subjects or investigators know the identity of treatment groups until after the data are collected or analyzed

A

double blinding

72
Q

either the subjects are unaware of treatment type but researcher knows or vice versa

A

single blinding

73
Q

this is a true experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to at least two companion groups

A

randomized controlled trial

74
Q

experimental studies that examine the effect of interventions on patient or community populations; either therapeutic or preventative

A

clinical trials

75
Q
A

Research Design & Stats (5 decks)

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