FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What are the components of a primary research article?
Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgements, References
This component of a primary research article is concise and used to cover the main ideas.
Abstract
This component of a primary research article states the problem, the background of the subject, and states the purpose and hypothesis
Introduction
This component of a primary research article describes the various techniques used and gives enough information for research to be repeatable
Methods
this component of a primary research article explains what was done and what was determined
results
this component of a primary research article expresses opinions and suggests further research
discussion
general format of a literature review
introduction and background, body of the paper, conclusion, acknowledgements, references
what are motivations for salami science?
publish or perish, impression of increased productiivity
a characteristic that can be manipulated or observed and that can take on different values, either qualitatively or quantitatively
variable
the variables that might change in response to some intervention
dependent variables
defines a variable within its unique meaning within a study
operational
declarative statement that predicts relationships between independent and dependent variables in a specific population
the research hypothesis
this hypothesis is based on theoretical premise
deductive hypothesis
this hypothesis is based on trends, patterns, or relationships that are observed
inductive hypothesis
the research hypothesis Ha is your best guess answer to the research question; the expectation that is to be tested
alternative hypothesis
opposite of the research hypothesis; we assume no relationship exists between variables until reasonable evidence is accumulated to convince us otherwise
null hypothesis
predicts a relationship or association between variables, rather than a difference
relational hypothesis
an educated guess, a process of inferring features of a population by looking at a small sample
inferential statistics
number that tend to cluster around the middle of a set of values
measures of central tendency
the average can denote three different measures of central tendency
mode, median, mean
an observation that falls well above or well below the overall bulk of the data
outliers
this describes the average distance of an observation of the mean
standard deviation
measure of variability that is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage
coefficient of variation
the empirical rule +/- 1SD
68.2%
the empirical rule +/- 2SD
95.5%
the empirical rule +/- 3SD
99.7%
calculated by dividing the deviation of an individual score from the mean by the standard deviation
z-scores
group of statistics that are related, make distributional assumptions like gaussian distribution
parametric stats
group of statistics that are non normal distributions, extremely small sample sizes, include chi- square analysis. wilcoxin- ranking, and others
non parametric stats
defined as the study of random events; plays a central role in statistical analysis in that we decide a probability level in the significance of a test
probability
the distribution obtained by computing the statistic for a large number of samples drawn from the same population
sampling distribution
the standard deviation of a theoretical sampling distribution is the….
standard error of the mean
range of scores with specific boundaries or confidence limits. that should contain the population mean; CI is based on the sample mean and its standard error
confidence interval
results of an analysis are unlikely to be due to chance at a specified probability level
statistical significance
the (blank) states that the observed differences are due to chance; once rejected then the researcher may accept the (blank)
null hypothesis; alternative hypothesis
when we conclude that a real difference exists, when the difference are in fact due to chance; calling the results statistically significant
type 1 error
when we conclude that the differences are due to chance, when the samples are truly different. calling the results not statistically significant when they really are
type 2 error
observations take numerical values that represent different magnitudes of the variable; measure how much of something
quantitative variables
have only one of a limited set of values, can only be expressed as whole numbers
discrete data values
have a range and may take any value within that range, divisions we make are arbitrary to meet our measurement needs
continuous
consists of arbitrary labels with no implied order; unranked; categorical.
nominal data
consists of numerical ranked data that is ranked according to some criterion; each rank is different from the others, but the differences may not be equal
ordinal data
consists of ranked data with intervals between each order being equal but with no meaningful zero point
interval data
like interval data, but zero point is meaningful; highest level of measurement
ratio data
what are the levels of research
scientific method, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, trial and error, authority, tradition
we accept the truths as givens; not questioned
tradition
turn to an expert
authority
keep trying until something works
trial and error
start with a premise or known scientific principle, tie that premise in with other observations to make a conclusion
deductive reasoning
gather facts and observations without preconceived notions, facts about a sample leads to conclusions about a whole
inductive reasoning
includes deduction and induction, systematic, empirical, and controlled analysis
scientific method
acquisition of new knowledge for its own sake, without reference to potential practical use
basic research
directed toward solving immediate practical problems with functional applications and testing the theories that direct practice
applied research
structured process of investigating facts and theories in medicine, exploring connections, improving patient care
clinical research
research continuum
descriptive, exploratory, experimental
this type of research describes populations
descriptive research
this type of research finds relationships
exploratory
this type of research determines cause and affect
experimental
list the research process
identify the research question
design the study
carry out methods
data analysis
if enough evidence accumulates to discredit a theory, then a blank might occur
paradigm shift
researcher chooses a subgroup of the population called the
sample
individuals selected for a sample over-represent or under represent certain population attributes that relate to study variables
sampling bias
inclusion criteria that might qualify someone as a subject
gender
disease state
having received a particular treatment
only certain symptoms
exclusion criteria that might preclude or prevent someone from being a subject
-extreme ages
-those with conditions/diseases additional to the disease under study
- ambiguous symptoms
- those w certain disabilities or deficits that affect how they can participate
every person in the population has an equal chance or “probability” of being chosen
random sampling
convenience sampling; chosen on basis of availability; picking your own sample
non probability sampling
3 essential characteristics of an experiment
- independent variable manipulated by the researcher
- a control group must be incorporated into the design
- subjects must be randomly assigned to groups
factors that are not directly related to purpose of study but can still affect the dependent variable
extraneous variables
factors that contaminate the independent variable so that the separate effects of the variables are obscured; a variable you are unable to control
confounding variables
these variables are not measured in the study but can have confounding effects. variables that you don’t think about or discover until later, if at all
lurking variables
neither subjects or investigators know the identity of treatment groups until after the data are collected or analyzed
double blinding
either the subjects are unaware of treatment type but researcher knows or vice versa
single blinding
this is a true experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to at least two companion groups
randomized controlled trial
experimental studies that examine the effect of interventions on patient or community populations; either therapeutic or preventative
clinical trials
