Final Exam

Question 1

Describe adult-directed intervention and state what theory its based on.

Answer 1

In adult-directed intervention, the adult picks the activity the child will do. It is based on the behavioral theory, because the adult is modeling the behavior and there is a stimulus/response. It is very structured. Generally it involves direct questions/waiting for an answer.

Question 2

Describe child-directed intervention.

Answer 2

More play based. The adult gives the child choices of what they want to do and they choose. Use a lot of extension/expansion. It is a more indirect activity. The clinician manipulates and facilitates the environment, but it’s less structured. May not be as efficient or effective.

Question 3

What is hybrid intervention?

Answer 3

The “inbetween” approach of adult and child-directed approaches. We may allow the child to make the initial choice about what activity they want to do, but then we follow up with more direct, prompting questions so that we can reach our targets for intervention.

Question 4

What is focused stimulation?

Answer 4

Included in hybrid intervention. The clinician provides multiple models or exposures to the structure we are trying to get the client to do. Lots of commenting and examples of what you want the child to do.

Question 5

Regarding the continuum of naturalness, what are the least natural to most natural activities?

Answer 5

Least natural is drill (question/response). Organized games are in the middle. Daily activity (such as in the classroom) are the most naturalistic.

Question 6

Regarding the continuum of naturalness, what is the least and most natural physical contexts?

Answer 6

In the clinic is the most structured/least natural. Home would be the most naturalistic.

Question 7

Regarding the continuum of naturalness, what is the least and most natural social contexts?

Answer 7

Clinician is the least, parents are the most.

Question 8

What is a do statement?

Answer 8

Description of the behavior we’re targeting. Want to use active verbs that we can see/observe/document.

Question 9

What is a condition statement?

Answer 9

Stimuli given to client (where you expect the behavior to occur). Also includes person you want client to have behavior with. (Ex: in conversation WITH his peers).

Question 10

What is a criterion statement?

Answer 10

How are we going to measure performance? Often use percentages (80% accuracy or 8/10 times - quantitative data). Also collect more qualitative data (checklists, rubrics, “How is he performing?” - a more descriptive piece of data).

Question 11

What are the three types of goal attack strategies?

Answer 11

Vertical, horizontal, and cyclic

Question 12

What is vertical?

Answer 12

Targeting one goal at a time. Don’t move on until its achieved.

Question 13

What is horizontal?

Answer 13

Targeting more than one goal at a time in the same session.

Question 14

What is cyclic?

Answer 14

Cycles approach to phonology, kind of. Spend a certain amount of time on one goal and then move onto the next. Once you get done with all goals you start your cycle over again.

Question 15

What is a drill activity? What is it easy to do during a drill activity?

Answer 15

Structured activity, easy to collect data (+/-). Ex: artic cards, flash cards, etc.

Question 16

What is an example of a naturalistic activity?

Answer 16

Observing a child in a classroom setting or at home. We will have more general/broad ways of collecting/evaluating data because we don’t have control over how many opportunities the child will have or what they’ll be talking about.

Question 17

If something says “service delivery piece”, what is it referring to?

Answer 17

Adult direct approach, hybrid approach, etc.

Question 18

What is an example of keeping qualitative data?

Answer 18

Keeping track of if the child’s response was spontaneous or imitated.

Question 19

What are the three intervention approaches for SLI?

Answer 19

Enhanced Milieu Training (EMT)
Conversational Recast Training
Sentence Combining

Question 20

What are some of the most prominent characteristics of SLI?

Answer 20

Determined by exclusionary criteria:
Language test scores of -1.25 SD below the mean.
Nonverbal IQ of 85 or higher.
Normal hearing.
No oral abnormalities.
No neurological disorder.
Normal social ability.
MAJOR DEFICIT IS MORPHOSYNTAX.
*from there, think trickle down effect like reading problems

Question 21

What is enhanced milieu training? (Who is the child’s primary language teacher, what does it focus on?)

Answer 21

A naturalistic child-centered strategy that aims for responsive conversational skills in everyday communication contexts. Parents are trained to be the child’s primary language teacher. It focuses on vocabulary development and early semantics.

Question 22

Who is EMT appropriate for?

Answer 22

Beginning language learners (low receptive or expressive language levels).

Question 23

For EMT to be a good choice, what three things must a child be able to do/have?

Answer 23

1. ) Be able to imitate sounds and words.
2. ) Have a vocab of at least 10 words.
3. ) Have an MLU between 1.0 and 3.5

Question 24

What strategies does the EMT include? (4)

Answer 24

Model
Mand-model (what do you want? give them a choice)
Time-delay (waits for child to respond to give them what they want)
Incidental teaching (trainer manipulates environment so child is more likely to talk)

Question 25

What is conversational recast training?

Answer 25

An effective approach facilitating grammatical development. Children are engaged in play-like routines that focus on a specific language target.

Question 26

What is sentence recasting?

Answer 26

If a child produced an incorrect sentence, the adult provides a model and indirectly corrects the error.

Question 27

What is sentence combining (what does it improve) and what does it focus on?

Answer 27

Improves ones ability to use complex grammar, shows how words can be put into varying patterns to put ideas together, and improves writing skills - improves complexity of oral abilities that carry over to written language.
Focuses on morphosyntax

Question 28

Who is sentence combining appropriate for?

Answer 28

School-age to college students

Question 29

What are some of the main characteristics of ID?

Answer 29

(used to be mental retardation)
Have core deficits in both cognitive and social domains.
Limitations in both adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning.

Question 30

What four-pronged approach must you think about when planning intervention for individuals with ID?

Answer 30

Typical language development
Lifespan needs
Modifications in response to strengths and weaknesses
Ecological viewpoint

Question 31

What are the three intervention approaches for ID?

Answer 31

Functional communication training
The ABC chart
The “It’s Fun” program

Question 32

What is the functional communication training approach?

Answer 32

Learn and practice replacement form, use behavior modification techniques, and reinforcement delay. Learning and replacing undesired behavior with desired behavior.

Question 33

What is the ABC chart approach?

Answer 33

ABC stands for Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence. Analyzes behavior we want to remediate. Way to track data about who/what/when/where/why a behavior occurred.

Question 34

What is the “It’s Fun” program?

Answer 34

Performance-based program that emphasizes communicative strengths. There are goals for each participant involved. Build around theme-based activities. Provides a lot of structure (practicing/rehearsing.. scripts/routines).

Question 35

What are some of the key characteristics of ASD?

Answer 35

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions across multiple contexts.
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.
PRAGMATIC DEFICITS.

Question 36

What are the three intervention approaches for ASD?

Answer 36

Applied behavioral analysis
Discrete trial therapy
SCERTS approach

Question 37

Describe the applied behavioral analysis.

Answer 37

Antecedent/consequence/reward - very structured approach. It is a learning based philosophy - teaching a specific task within the approach.

Question 38

Describe the discrete trial therapy.

Answer 38

Uses behavioral techniques to facilitate child’s behaviors.

Question 39

What is the underlying principle of the ABA/DTT?

Answer 39

Any behavior can be broken down into smaller behaviors so that we can measure each step very precisely and can manipulate behaviors by reinforcing.

Question 40

What behavioral techniques are used during DTT?

Answer 40

Prompting, cuing, chaining, fading, and differential reinforcement

Question 41

What is fading?

Answer 41

Take away hand over hand or visual cue and just focus on auditory cue.

Question 42

Describe the SCERTS approach. (what is it based on, what does it address)

Answer 42

It is based on the social interaction theory, development, and family system theory. Addresses a child’s social communication abilities and social relationships as primary focus of intervention.

Question 43

How does the SCERTS approach use facilitative intervention style?

Answer 43

By following the child’s lead, offering choices, responding to child’s intent, modeling at the child’s level, and by elaborating the child’s attempts.