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Microbiology 310 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogens enter the cell via what?

A

Adherence

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2
Q

Bacterial Adherence can be facilitated by what?

A

Extracellular macromolecules not covalently bonded to the bacterial cell surface (Fimbriae & Pili)

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3
Q

Invasion of a pathogen is through what?

A

Epithelium Layer of the skin

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4
Q

During invasion, how does a pathogen enhance its virulence?

A

breaking down or altering host tissue to provide access to nutrients

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5
Q

How does an infecting pathogen protect itself from the hosts immune system?

A

by incorporating some part of the host cell into itself, tricking the host immune system

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6
Q

Name all of the Exotoxins covered in class

A

1) Cytolytic Toxins
2) A-B Type Toxins
3) Enterotoxins

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7
Q

Cytolytic toxin mechanism

A

degrade cytoplasmic membrane, causing cell lysis and death

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8
Q

A-B Type Toxin Mechanism

A

1) B subunit binds to a specific molecule on the host cell
2) toxin is taken up via endocytosis
3) toxin subunits seperate allowing (A) subunit (toxin) to enter the cytoplasm

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9
Q

3 Types of A-B Toxin

A

1) Diphtheria
2) Tetanus
3) Botulinum

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10
Q

Botulism mechanism

A

blocks the release of Acetylcholine, inhibiting contraction

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11
Q

Tetanus Mechanism

A

binds to inhibitory interneurons, preventing release of glycine and relaxation of the muscles

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12
Q

Diphtheria mechanism

A

causes protein synthesis to stop

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13
Q

What do enterotoxins do?

A

Mess with the ion balance in the gut epithelium

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14
Q

Endotoxins do what?

A

infect the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell

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15
Q

How can you detect Endotoxins?

A

LAL assay

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16
Q

What do Type III Secretion pathogens do?

A

induce apoptosis

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17
Q

How do Type III Secretion pathogens enter the cell?

A

mess with actin polymerization

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18
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

No previous exposure

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19
Q

What does the innate immune system have the ability to do?

A

non-inducible ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products

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20
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

dependent on previous exposure

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21
Q

what does the adaptive immune system have the ability to do?

A

acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products

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22
Q

Adaptive Immunity Mechanism

A

1) recognize the pathogen antigen

2) T and B cells activated

23
Q

Antibody Mechanism

A

B cells display antibodies on their surfaces that directly interact w/ antigen to cause B cells to ingest pathogen via phagocytosis

24
Q

Ig proteins do what?

A

interact w/ antigenic determinants

25
Q

Ig proteins are found where?

A

milk. serum, and gastric secretions

26
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex are what?

A

proteins that are expressed on the cell surface that reflect the composition of the protein inside the cell

27
Q

Relationship between MHC and TCR

A

TCRs bind only to MHC molecules having foreign antigens embedded in the MHC structure

28
Q

T cell Receptor

A

molecule found on the surface of T cells that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

29
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

a non-specific reaction to noxious stimuli

30
Q

What mediates inflammation

A

Cytokines and Chemokines

31
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

Isolates and limits tissue damage and destroys damaged cells as well as the pathogen

32
Q

Mechanism of inflammation?

A

1) Interleukins attract Neutrophiles

2) activated neutrophiles release chemokines to recruit macrophages by guiding them along the chemkine gradient

33
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

proteins that allow for intracellular communication in the immune system

34
Q

What are Chemokines

A

Small group of proteins that function as chemoattractants for phagocytes and lymphocytes

35
Q

What is Somatic Recombination?

A

Mechanism that creates diversity of T and B cells

36
Q

How does Somatic Recombination work?

A

During development of B cells in the bone marrow, heavy chains and light chains are rearranged to create various combinations

37
Q

What is compliment fixation?

A

The binding of active serum complement to an antigen-antibody pair.

38
Q

Cloning Selection, T cells must?

A

be able to distinguish between themselves and nonself antigens

39
Q

Tolerance

A

T cell is unresponsive to itself, meaning it can ID cells that dont belong in the host

40
Q

Cloning selection Theory

A

each antigen-reactive B and T cell has a cell surface receptor for a single antigen epitope

41
Q

Positive Selection

A

T cells that recognize MHC peptides are retained

42
Q

Negative Selection

A

T cells that pass the positive selection and strongly bind to self antigens are selected against

43
Q

T and B cell activation require what?

A

2 molecular signals

1) 1st signal interacts w/ antigen through Ig or TCRs
2) 2nd signal is necessary for them to respond to antigen

44
Q

Selective Media

A

allows some organisms to grow while inhibiting others

45
Q

Differential Media

A

allows identification of organisms based on their growth and appearance on the medium

46
Q

Enteretube

A

a multiple-test system which combines 9 biochemical tests, useful in the identification of members of the family Enterobacteroaceae

47
Q

Agglutination

A

visible clumping of a particular antigen when mixed w/ antibodies specific for the particular antigen (blood group tests)

48
Q

Red Florescence

A

rhodamine D

49
Q

Yellow-Green Florescence

A

flourescein isothiocyanate

50
Q

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

A

Uses radioisotope (iodine-125) as antibody or antigen conjugate instead of enzyme

51
Q

Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)

A

Direct Detect Antigen (color = positive)
Indirect Detect Antigen (color= positive)
Competitive Detect Antigen (color= negative)

52
Q

Western Blotting

A

Detects antigens themselves or antibodies to specific antigens

53
Q

Probe Technology

A

uses complimentary bp’s of probe to bind to DNA and RNA

Microbiology 310 (1 decks)

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