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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Where in the cell does Glycolysis take place

A

Cytosol

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2
Q

What is the net yield at the end of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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3
Q

Why is glycolysis described as universal

A

Because all cells undergo glycolysis

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4
Q

Under anaerobic conditions ATP is produced via fermentation, which are the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcoholic & Lactic Acid

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5
Q

NAD & FAD are two co-enzymes accept electrons during cellular respiration, what are their full names?

A
  • Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) occurs during stage 1,2 and 3
  • Flavinodienine Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) occurs only in stage 3
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6
Q

Which of the two coenzymes accept electrons only during the KREBS cycle?

A

FAD -> Stage 3

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7
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed from NADH during the ETS?

A

3

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8
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed from FADH2 during the ETS?

A

2

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9
Q

What are the reactants in cellular respiration?

A

Sugar (Glucose) + Oxygen

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10
Q

What are the products in cellular respiration?

A

Carbon + Water

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11
Q

List in correct order the 4 stages of cellular respiration.

A

Glycolysis, Link Reaction, KREBS & ETS (Electron transport system

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12
Q

Correctly identify where each stage happens.

A

Glycolysis: Cytosol - Link Reaction + KREBS: Matrix - ETS (Electron Transport system) : Cristae

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13
Q

At what stage is the most ATP formed/produced?

A

Stage 4

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14
Q

Is the cellular respiration process exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

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15
Q

What letter case (upper or lower) is used to depict a dominant allele/gene?

A

Uppercase (T)

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16
Q

What genotype correctly represents true-breeding?

A

Same TT, tt

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17
Q

What genotype correctly represents a hybrid

A

“Tt” (lowercase + uppercase)

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18
Q

What kind of alleles will an organism homozygous for a trait have?

A

Tt or tT

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19
Q

what kind of alleles will an organism heterozygous for a trait have?

A

TT or tt (True breeding)

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20
Q

What do you call where a gene controlling a trait is located on the chromosome

A

Locus

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21
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternate form of a gene “Tt”

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22
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

T (uppercase)

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23
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

T (lowercase)

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24
Q

What is a phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation of a typical Mendelian monohybrid cross?

A

Phenotype (3:1 Ratio)

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25
Q

What is the phenotype ratio of the F2 generation of a typical Mendelian monohybrid cross?

A

Genotype (1:2:1 Ratio)

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26
Q

Traits or conditions inherited from our non-sex chromosomes are called autosomal, true/false?

A

True

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27
Q

Traits or conditions inherited from our sex chromosomes (essentially the chromosomes) are described as sex-or-linked, true or false?

A

True

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28
Q

Why is DNA replication described as semiconservative?

A

Old & new strand

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29
Q

What is the role of the enzymes, helicase in DNA replication?

A

Separate DNA spirals

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30
Q

What is the first stage of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

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31
Q

What is the second stage of protein synthesis?

A

Translation

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32
Q

Which is the central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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33
Q

Where in the cell does the first stage of protein synthesis happen?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

Where in the cell does the second stage of protein synthesis happen?

A

Cytoplasm

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35
Q

Which nucleic acid molecules are involved in the first stage?

A

DNA -> mRNA

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36
Q

Which nucleic acid molecules are involved in the second stage?

A

mRNA -> tRNA
⬇️
rRNA

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37
Q

Small molecule such as water and many ions, cross the membrane without assistance from the cell. This movement requires no energy expenditure by the cell and is called _________?

A

Passive transport

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38
Q

________ is the net movement of substances from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration/

A

Diffusion

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39
Q

In a 10% aqueous solution of some salt, the salt is the solute and occupies 10% of the solution volume; the solvent (water will therefore make up the remaining _______ of the solution.

A

90%

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40
Q

What happens during the S stage of interphase?

A

DNA replication

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41
Q

If a cell with two nuclei is formed at the end of cell division, which of these statements best explain how this could happen?

A

Mitosis occurred without cytokinesis

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42
Q

Which of the following describe the plasma membrane structure?

A

A layer of Phospholipids forms the membrane.

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43
Q

________ is the net movement of water through a selective permeable membrane, from an area of higher water, concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Osmosis

44
Q

For cytokinesis to occur in animal cells, which of these will form to produce daughter cells?

A

Cleavage furrow

45
Q

During mitosis, metaphase is when _______

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

46
Q

Which cell division type is used for producing gametes (Sperm and egg)?

A

Meiosis

47
Q

How many total pairs of chromosomes do cells have?

A

23

48
Q

The phase of mitosis where the chromatids split up and move to opposite poles is ________.

A

Anaphase

49
Q

This process occurs after mitosis is complete and result in cytoplasmic division.

A

Cytokinesis

50
Q

At the end of mitosis, each daughter cell has ________.

A

Same/identical DNA to the parents cell.

51
Q

At what stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

A

Metaphase

52
Q

during what phase of cell life cycle does replication of DNA occur?

A

S Phase

53
Q

During this phase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope fragments

A

Prophase

54
Q

Sister chromatids are?

A

Duplicate chromosomes held together by a common centromere.

55
Q

Which of the sequences correctly, describe the cell cycle?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, interphase

56
Q

The end products of cell division by mitosis are ______.

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells

57
Q

The division of human cells consist of a series of events collectively called _____, or nuclear division and ______, or division of the cytoplasm

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis

58
Q

The longest period of a cell life is?

A

Interphase

59
Q

What is the term of two chromosomes (paternal and maternal) that have the same length, shape, and genes.

A

Homologous chromosomes

60
Q

The products of meiosis unlike mitosis are

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

61
Q

Meiosis has two cycles of division at which cycle does the chromosome numbers get halved?

A

Meiosis I (Cycle I)

62
Q

A membrane transport process is active if it requires _______.

A

Energy provided by ATP

63
Q

The cells plasma membrane ________.

A

Impermeable

64
Q

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ______ and it moves a substance ______ concentration gradient.

A

Carrier/channels proteins… down

65
Q

A solution is composed of ________

A

Solute dissolved in solvent

66
Q

If you go to the hospital and require IV fluids, the fluids they give you should be:

A

Isotonic to your cells

67
Q

In a phospholipid bilayer, which component is hydrophobic?

A

Lipid tails

68
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic human cell have?

A

46

69
Q

What are the final products of meiosis?

A

Gamete

70
Q

Osmosis occurs when _______

A

Water moves through a membrane to reach equilibrium

71
Q

The current model of the structure of the plasma membrane is when when the ________ model.

A

Fluid mosaic

72
Q

An organisms ability to maintain internal stability when the external environment changes is termed

A

Homeostasis

73
Q

The key criterion for differentiating bacteria from Eukarya is _________.

A

The absence of a nucleus and membranous organelles in bacteria.

74
Q

Organisms in our universe can be placed in three domains, in which of these domains are prokaryotes placed?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

75
Q

Regarding acquisition of nutrients, an organism that produces its own food, using sunlight and available nutrients in its environment, is called a ______.

A

Producer or autotroph

76
Q

Organisms produce new members of their kind by forming clones or by undergoing fertilization when fusing their male and female gametes produces a zygote. Forming/producing clones is an example of ______.

A

Asexual reproduction

77
Q

In the hierarchy of organization, which level is defined as “a group of cells that are aggregated together to perform specific function(s)”?

A

Tissue

78
Q

In order to draw a logical conclusion about a scientific finding, a scientist will look at data and also which of the following:

A

How the experiments that produce the data was designed

79
Q

All of the following are domains of life except.

A

Animalia

80
Q

Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming of classifying of organism?

A

Taxonomy

81
Q

Which of the following sequences correctly list the higher key of organization as it increases in complexity?

A

Molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

82
Q

What do you call the outermost electron shell of an atom?

A

Valance

83
Q

Which correctly represents the order of strength (from the strongest to weakest) of the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent > ionic > hydrogen

84
Q

Which of the following particles is found in the nucleus of an atom

A

Protons and neutrons

85
Q

The reason that the water molecule is polar is because?

A

The shared electrons stay with oxygen most of the time making it electron negative

86
Q

In our Daphnia heartbeat rate experiment in lab we recorded Daphnia’s heart rate (beats per minute) in pond water (it’s natural habitat) and then in the Acetylcholine solution, adrenaline solution, coffee, and cold water. Which was the control in the experiment?

A

Pond water

87
Q

The students in a classroom would be considered, which of the following?

A

A population

88
Q

Choose the answer that best describes the sequence of the steps in the scientific method

A

Observe > hypothesis > experiment > conclusion

89
Q

If an atom has a charge of -2, which of the following must be true?

A

It has two more electrons than protons

90
Q

What is the most basic unit of life?

A

Cell

91
Q

Water and oil do not mix, that is, you cannot dissolve oil in water; because of this, oil is said to be __________

A

Hydrophobic

92
Q

Which of the following statements is not true (is incorrect) about matter?
A) matter can be created and destroyed.
B) matter occupies space.
C) matter is composed of elements.
D) matter has mass.

A

Matter can be created and destroyed

93
Q

In which of the following bonds do electrons get transferred from one atom to another?

A

Ionic bond.

94
Q

For an atom to be elect neutral….
A) it must have the same number of neutrons as electrons.
B) it must have the same number of protons as neutrons
C) it must have the same number of protons as electrons.

A

It must have the same number of protons as electrons.

95
Q

There are four elements that make up 95% of all matter in organisms. Which of the following is not one of these elements?
A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) nitrogen
D) calcium

A

Calcium

96
Q

You drink a glass of lemonade, but your body’s PH does not change. This is an example of how organisms.
A) maintain homeostasis
B) are immune to acid
C) are they eat.
D) maintain organization.

A

Maintain homeostasis

97
Q

To determine the atomic mass/mass number of an atom, you ___________

A

Add up the number of protons and neutrons

98
Q

A reaction of the form : AB + CB > BC + AD, is a(n) ____________ reaction

A

Exchange

99
Q

What does the group number of elements in the periodic table indicate or represent?

A

Number of valence shell electrons

100
Q

An atoms nucleus is composed of ________

A

Protons and neutrons

101
Q

What subatomic particle is involved in forming bonds

A

Electrons

102
Q

Which subatomic particle is positively charged

A

Protons

103
Q

a solution that has more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions would be described as ______
A) neutral
B) acidic
C) basic
D) a buffer

A

A buffer

104
Q

Which of the following is both a molecule and a compound?
A) O2
B) N2
C) HCI

A

HCI

105
Q
A

Biology (3 decks)

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