Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Balkans
A
Different countries wanted independence
2
Q
Franz Ferdinand
A
Heir to the Habsburg throne assassinated by Serbian national
3
Q
Battle of the Marne
A
Battle in which Allied forces pushed back German forces and then led to trench warfare. Saved Paris from German capture
4
Q
Battle of Verdun
A
large German offensive that eventually resulted in a German defeat by French forces
5
Q
Total War
A
War that requires mobilization of the civilian population in addition to the military; typified by centralized governments with limits on economy and civil rights
6
Q
America’s entry into the Great War (why? when? effects?)
A
Germany got involved with Mexico “zimmerman note” and sank the Lusitania
7
Q
Georges Clemenceau
A
Prime minister of France resulted to use of emergency powers to stifle criticism at home
8
Q
David Lloyd George
A
Prime minister of Great Britain resulted to use of emergency powers to stifle criticism at home
9
Q
Woodrow Wilson
A
President of America
10
Q
Hyperinflation of 1923
A
Too much money in circulation, government printed money instead of raising taxes + currencies in Europe depreciated + big businesses in Germany needed more money
11
Q
Gustav Stresemann
A
German foreign minister who began to implemented a conciliatory policy towards France and Britain. hoped to secure american capital for german industry and to win support of the west for the revision of the peace settlement
12
Q
Maginot Line
A
A system of defensive fortifications built by France along its German border in the 1920’s and 1930’s
13
Q
Kellog-Briand Pact
A
An agreement, named for the two men who devised it – the U.S. Secretary of State Frank B Kellog and the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand, signed by 23 nations in 1928 whose purpose was an idealistic renunciation of war
14
Q
Dawes Plan
A
The plan crafted by international financial experts in 1924 under the leadership of the American banker Charles Dawes whose aim was to end inflation and restore economic prosperity to Germany by a reform of the reparations repayment schedule
15
Q
Young Plan
A
The plan devised by the American businessman Owen Young in 1929 that replaced the Dawes Plan and transferred $100 million to Germany to assist in reparations
16
Q
Leon Trotsky
A
Bolshevik chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, used the Red Guard to seize political control and arrest members of the Provisional government in Russias
17
Q
New Economic Policy
A
A state-planned economic policy in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 198; based on agricultural productivity, it required set payments from peasants; surpluses could be sold on the free market
18
Q
Comintern
A
Association of various national communist parties. Concered itself with the ideological purity of its member parties
19
Q
Benito Mussolini
A
Fascist leader of Italy
20
Q
Ethiopia
A
Invaded by Mussolini’s forces, used gas on Ethiopian tribesmen
21
Q
Weimar Republic
A
German government founded at the end of the First World War; used by German general staff as scapegoat for German defeat and harsh peace terms; overthrown in 1933
22
Q
Adolf Hitler
A
Leader of Nazi Germany
23
Q
Heinrich Himmler
A
Chief of the SS introduced the use of Gas
24
Q
Nuremberg Laws
A
laws passed to identify jews, to deprive them of their citizenship, and to forbid marriage and extra-marital sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews
25
Anschluss
Occupation and annexation of Austria by Germany
26
Sudetenland
German speaking area of Czechslovakia that Hitler wanted
27
Munich Conference
Meeting between Chamberlain, Dadalier, and Hitler that resulted in Germany being allowed to annex the Sudetenland.
28
Non-Aggression Pact of 1939
Pact between Germany and Russia that agreed to nonaggression for ten years and agreed for the two countries to split up Poland.
29
Battle of Britain
DUH
30
Winston Churchill
DUH
31
Josip Broz
Tito, leader of Yugoslav rebels during WW2 and would later become the leader of Yugoslavia
32
Reinhard Heydrich
Leader of the SS Security Service and conducted the conference for the Final Solution. Also ran special mobile murder squads.
33
Wannsee Conference
Conference where the Final Solution was established
34
Warsaw ghetto uprising
Uprising of Jews in the Warsaw ghetto, were crushed by German forces
35
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Plan for Japanese Empire in Asia
36
Cold War
The diplomatic and ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States that began in the aftermath of World War II, dividing the world into two armed camps
37
Iron Curtain
The term coined by former british Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the ideological divide between western and eastern Europe after World War II
38
NATO
An organization founded in 1949 the members of which signed a defense pact to protect those countries bordering the North Atlantic
39
Berlin Wall
Barrier built by East Germany in 1961 to halt the exodus of skilled professionals to the West; opened in 1989 as a prelude to the reunification of East and West Germany
40
Third World
The former colonies of European and Asian imperialism; sought to separate themselves from European economic control after independence; operated in the United Nations as a non-aligned bloc
41
Konrad Adenauer
First chancellor of West Germany
42
John Maynard Keynes
Economist who advocated governments priming the pump, many of his ideas were adopted after WWII and he also founded the idea of macroeconomics
43
The Second Sex
Written by Simone de Beauvoir; analyzed women's place in the context of Western culture
44
Betty Friedan
Author of the Feminine Mystique; book voiced the grievances of a previously politically quiescent group of women. Women were suffering from the sickness "with no name"
45
Krushchev
..
46
Common Market
a group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with one another and a common tariff on trade with other countries....first were Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Italy, and West Germany
47
Breshznev Doctrine
Policy of Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev that approved the use of military intervention in the internal affairs of Soviet allies to prevent counterrevolution
48
Détente
From the French word meaning a relaxation in tension, cooperation between the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United Staes. This policy was characterized by improved U.S.-Soviet diplomatic relationships in the 1970s to lessen the possibility of nuclear war
49
Gorbachev
Former leader of the soviet union that pushed for reforms of the communist state
50
Solidarity
a non-communist Polish labor organization founded by Lech Walesa in the Gdansk shipbuilding yards; legalized in 1989 as a political movement, it won a victory in the first Polish democratic elections
51
Boris Yeltsin
Critical of Gorbachev's caution in implementing reforms...later became the popularly elected president of Russia.
52
Yugoslavia's ethnic and religious divisions
Made up of many different ethnic groups comprising different religions that eventually lead to the Bosnian War
53
Kosovo
"Serbia" moved toward independence as Yugoslavia broke up lead to violence throughout the region
54
Euro
Common currency of the European Union; accepted as common currency by all members of the European Union except the Kingdom Kingdom
55
Black September
..
56
Irish Republican Army
..
57
What were the long-term causes of the Great War? Describe them
```
• Militarism-
Build up of weapons (especially Germany)
Threating Great Britain
-Tirpitz
-Kaiser Wilhelm
-“weltpolitik
-German Navy
Threatening Russia
-seizure of Kiachow near Russia
-would not import Russian grain
-Funded Baghdad Railway through Ottoman empire (area Russia felt it should dominate)
```
• Alliances-
German aggression forces diplomatic alignments
-Entente Cordiale: GB & France 1904
-Russia joins b/c of disputes with Germany over middle east forms Triple Entente
-Dual Alliance: Austria-Hungary & Germany 1879
Both German monarchies
Both had interest spreading German culture to Balkans
Italy forms to make Triple Alliance(wanted N.AFr colonies France was in the way
• Nationalism-
• In France
A nation on the decline?
Defeated by Germans in 1871
Declining birth rate
Effeminate? (Olympic Movement)
• In Germany
Racial (social Darwinistic slant–"fit" vs "unfit" nations)
• In Balkans
Nationalities were itching to break off and form own countries (autonomy; national self-determination)
58
Describe the results of the Great War
```
Consequences-
Casualties
9million dead 22 million wounded
The “lost generation”
Physical: shell shock, amputees, facial disfigurements
Mental disillusionment: generation gap, the Versailles Treaty
The Versailles Treaty-
Germany especially upset b/c:
Blamed “November criminals” for peace (Dolchstoss)
Germany lost colonies
Rhineland occupied
100,000 man army
Alsace-Lorraine
Reparations: $35 billion
Leads to Hitler, WWII
```
59
Discuss the short-term cause of the Great War
```
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Sarajevo 6/28/14
Heir to A-H throne
FF wanted to maintain A-H empire
Serb nationalists wanted to break away
FF killed by Gavrilo Princip 17 year-old SERB nationalist
• The July Crisis
Diplomatic crisis of July 1914 that resulted from assassination
AH confronts Serbia
AH initially cautious
The "blank check"
The chance to achieve "Weltpolitik" goal
The Austro-Hungarian ultimatum
• The Alliances kick in
AH declaration automatically pulls in Germany in and Italy
Who sides with Serbia?
Russia
Cultural ties
interest in Balkans
Russia pulls in France
Great Britain tried to stay out
Belgium and the Schlieffen Plan (plan to invade France by Germans)
```
60
Describe the core elements of fascism
• Element 1: Anti-conservitism
o It’s Radical (therefore left-wing)
• Wants to CHANGE society
• Wants to create a NEW, totally UNIFIED state
a. Politically
b. Socially
c. Racially (Nazi Germany)
• Element 2: Belief in MYTH of national or ethnic revival
o Focus on mythical past (therefore right-wing, too!)
• Rome
• Medieval German empire (Reich)
o Crushed ideas that stood in way of revival
• Liberalism: allows for plurality, which hinders total unity
• Individualism: independent thinkers were not tolerated
• Element 3: Idea of the nation in crisis
o The nation is superior to everything else (extreme nationalism)
o It needs to be saved b/c there is a crisis (real or perceived)
• The police state for domestic opponents
• War for foreign opponents
61
Why did people turn to fascism?
```
1. Hatred of the Treaty of Versailles
o Italy: felt snubbed by Britain, France, USA
• Territory
o Germany
• Lost colonies
• 100,000 man army
• Article 231 (War Guilt Clause)
• Reparations
• Lost Alsace-Lorraine
• Demilitarized Rhineland
2. Hatred of democracy
o Especially in Germany
• Weimar Republic
a. Associated with Versailles
b. Dolchstoss
c. Politically inefficient (especially in a crisis)
3. Fear of Bolshevism
o Russian Revolution of 1917
o Bolshevism (communism) was
• Anti-nationalistic (Comintern)
• Anti-capitalist
• Threatens large middle class in Germany
4. Anti-semitism
o Applies primarily to Germany (Italian anti-semitism minimal)
• BUT most Germans were attracted to Nazism for reason OTHER than anti-semitism
5. Economic problems
o Probably MOST important reason:
• Hyperinflation of 1923
• “Good years”: 1924-1928
• 1929: the Stock Market crashes
```
62
What was the role of women in Nazi Germany?
• The Nazi’s and woman
o Babies
o The Mother’s Cross Program
63
Starting with the Anschluss and ending with the Anglo-French declaration of war 3 September, 1939, discuss the major causes of World War II in Europe
```
• Anschluss
o Annexation (takeover) of Austria
o March 1938
o “National self-determination”
o Foreign reaction
• “Germans with Germans”
• Sudeten Crisis
o September 1938
o Sudeten land
• Part of Czechoslovakia
• Ethnically German
o Munich Conference
• Britain/France appeasement
• Hitler promises no more demands
• The takeover of Czechoslovakia
o March 1939
o Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia
• NOT GERMAN
o Britain and France
• Hitler’s next demand will be met with force
• The Polish Corridor and Danzig
o August/September 1939
o East Prussia
o A war on two fronts?
• Britain/France guarantee Poland
• Soviet Union
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (8/31/39)
o 10 years of non-aggression
o Division of Poland
```
64
What kind of war was World War II?
```
• A mobile war
o Blitzkrieg
• A total war
• A war of conflicting ideologies
o WWI: War for territory
o WWII: War for territory, but also was for how world would be run
• Fascism, communism
```
65
Discuss the factors that contributed to the Holocaust
```
Cause #1: European anti-semitism
• Classical AS
o “Black Death”
o “Usury”
Cause #2: Nationalism
• Stressed superiority compared to other nations
Cause #3: The modern state
• Beuocrats=organization
o Impersonal
o “Cogs in a machine”
Cause #4: Industrialization
• “assembly line killing”
o Guns
o Diesel Engines
o Zyklon B
Cause #5: Hitler
• Willing leader to use mass murder
• 2 Views: Intentionalist and Structuralist
• Intentionalist: Hitler intended to murder the Jews
• Structuralist: Holocaust happened b/c of the structure of the German state
```
66
The Soviet Union was a planned economy. How does a planned economy operate?
Market Systems
• Supply and demand determine price
• Supply is ultimately determined by consumers
• If consumers do not demand it, suppliers won’t supply it
o Make new product
o Go out of business
Command Systems
• Supply and price are both determined by planners (bureaucrats)
• As communists, their goal was to promote equality
o They said how much of a product
o They said what the style of product would be
o They said what the price would be
```
Military Vs. Consumer Goods
Priority always given to military goods
Consumer goods deemed unimportant (at least the ones people really wanted)
Result:
• Shortages of desired goods
• Surpluses of goods they hated
```
Shortages and surpluses
```
Surpluses
• Potatoes
• Ugly clothes
Shortages
• Beef
• Stylish Clothes
• Cars
```
Shortages of desired products leads to BLACK MARKET
67
Why did communism collapse?
Reason #1: Because of
• A) flaws in the communist command system (economic)
• B) a desire for liberal reforms (political)
A) What were the flaws in the command system?
Redistribution of wealth=people lacked the motivation to produce
Communist emphasis on military goods (to keeps up with West)=few desirable consumer goods were available for people
B) Why did people want political reform
The communist systems were one-party states
• Only legal party was Communist Party
• All other parties were banned
Reason #2: the policies of
• A) Mikhail Gorbachev (USSR)
• B) Ronald Reagan (USA)
A) What were Gorbachev’s policies
Reform
• Gorbachev realized the economic and political flaws of communism would soon lead to a REVOLUTION in the Soviet Union
• Saw revolts in East Berlin, Budapest, Prague, and Poland as warnings of what could happen in USSR, so he implemented 2 major reforms
o Perestroika: economic “restructuring” to give some people desired consumer goods
o Glasnost: “openness” to allow for greater political discussion (but not a multi-party system just yet)
• B) What were Reagan’s policies?
Confrontation (keep the pressure on the USSR)
• Confronted communism primarily with money but also rhetorically
o Increased US military spending
o Invested in Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)
o Aided non-communists worldwide (Contras in Nicaragua)
o Called USSR “Evil Empire”
o Called upon Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall
How did Gorbachev respond to the increasing economic and rhetorical pressure from Reagan?
Negotiated with Reagan
• Proposed nuclear arsenals be cut in half
• 1986 Summit in Reykjavik, Iceland
Withdrew Soviet forces form Afghanistan (bin laden)
Renounced Brezhnev Doctrine (1988)
68
In a few sentences, what was the Cold War?
1945-1990
Period of tension between 2 superpowers
• USA: economic powerhouse; atomic bomb
• USSR: prestige of Red Army; economic potential; occupied lots of Europe
Major events of the Cold War: The Iron Curtain, Containment, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift, 1949 USSR Atomic Explosion, Korean War, Sputnik, Berlin Wall
69
Identify the Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan: plan through which billions of dollars in aid would be made available to European states, both in the East and West provided that two conditions were met (1) the recipient states had to cooperate with one another in aligning national economic policies and improving the international monetary system (2) they had to work toward breaking down trade barriers
70
Identify the Berlin airlift/blockade
1948-1949
Western plan to reform currency in US/Brit/French zones signaled creation of separate West Germany
USSR blockades West Berlin
USA responds with airlift
One plane every 3 minutes for nearly a year
71
Identify the Cuban Missile Crisis
Russians stuck missiles in Cuba, Kennedy refused to back down, blockaded Cuba until the Russians removed the missiles.
72
Why was the Berlin Wall Built?
1961
Most educated East Berliners/East Germans fleeing to West
Wall built to keep people in
Symbolic of Cold War
