Final Exam Flashcards
during the time of the french revolution who was the symbol of the city of paris
Blessed Mother and notre dame of paris - holding christ child
Symbol that represents the city of paris as it came out of the middle ages
Paris is heart of france
Whos is contrasted against the virgin Mary during the time of the french revolution
Contrasting Mary = Mary-anne who is meant to be a replacement for the virgin mary, embody the ideals of the revolution,
Wearing a goofy cap
Central iconography
Old france vs New France
Polarized culture created by the revolution
Tennis court Oath
The Tennis Court Oath was a pivotal event during the early days of the French Revolution. It occurred on June 20, 1789, in Versailles, France.
There, they took an oath, pledging not to disband until they had given France a new constitution. This oath was a defiant act against King Louis XVI, who had attempted to dissolve the National Assembly and reassert his authority.
The Tennis Court Oath is significant because it marked the start of the French Revolution’s
the french national assembly
Declaration of control of the church’s property start in october 1789
Attack and war on the church completed in 1790s
Abolished religious orders
Church only existed out of permission of the national assembly and thus under its control
Priests have to swear an oath of loyalty to the state
⅔ refuse to swear the oath - inside paris they are suppressed and oppressed
Corporate identity is targeted by national assembly
Guilds and associations are abolished
New French constitution is forged in 1791
aiming at the elimination of corporate privilege and identity
Also trying to pay debts and creates a new currency backed by the churches land called apoisnots - legal feuds???
John Paul Marat
radical journalist who advocated for the rights of the lower class
partially responsible for the storming of the bastille
- jacobin club
He was a strong supporter of the Jacobin faction and the Reign of Terror, a period of mass executions and political repression during the Revolution.
robespierre
more radical, delegate in national assembly
- creates liberty, equality, and fraternity
- jacobin club
Flight to Varennes June 20, 1791
spark to the revolution
( see pdf for more details)
The Flight to Varennes refers to the attempted escape of King Louis XVI of France, along with his wife Marie Antoinette and their family, from Paris to the royalist stronghold of Montmédy, near the eastern border of France, in June 1791.
the reign of terror
The Reign of Terror, also known simply as the Terror, was a period of violence that occurred during the French Revolution, from September 1793 to July 1794. It was a time of extreme political repression and mass executions carried out by the Revolutionary government against perceived enemies of the Revolution
The Terror was initiated by the Committee of Public Safety, a powerful executive committee led by Maximilien Robespierre. Its main goal was to protect the Revolution from internal and external threats, including counter-revolutionaries, royalists, and perceived traitor
Napoleon post the french revolution
Napoleon clears his name and is let go
Told to finish off the Vendee movement rebelling against the republic government but mainly to get the catholic church back in place and restoration of the royal family. He says no so he is given a desk job in paris
1795 rises to prominence when there is an uprising to bring back the royal fam
Fires a cannon into crowd of protestors
^ launches napoleon’s career and is given his position back as commander
Falls in love with Josephine B. - a misteris of one of France’s 5 presidents - daughter of caribbean planter
what does napoleon believe
Bonapartes - believes in the ideals of the french revolution and rousseau’s social contract - civil equality - can only protect with an authoritarian regime to guarantee rule and equality
how napoleon gains control of france
Napoleon comes back to France, leading his army into Egypt ?
Napoleon gains control in 1799 in the coup of braminine
Napoleon recognizes the majority of ppl in france are christian and knows he needs to make peace with that but wants the pope to know he is king
Crowns himself - Holds crown above his head and josephines
He is not christian nor anti christian
Committed to civic equality
Napoleon’s height of power
1805-1808 when he is master of Europe
Does not want to invade england bc of its navy
England builds a coalition against France with Austria and Russia
Austria and Russia agreed to launch an attack from the East
Napoleon organizes his troops into divisions
Infants, cavalry, artillery, no supply lines
SPEED
He catches the austrians by surprise and captures them and forces them to surrender by the speed of napoleon’s troops
Austria and russia retreat and regroup to try and counter attack
Battle of Austerlitz
-In the battle, the French army, commanded by Emperor Napoleon I, decisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army, led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II.
Battle of Trafalgar
- It was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy, commanded by Admiral Horatio Nelson, and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish navies during the Napoleonic Wars. -british win
Napoleon orders a blockage against britain instead or naval or land warfare - wages economic warfare
Napoleon Invading Russia
russia wants to open up trade with Britain
Napoleon hears of this and gets ready to wage war
Starts moving toward moscow and eventually the russians will have to fight
A defensive line is set up at the edges of moscow suburbs - Battle of Borodino - france wins and russia surrenders the capital
Napoleon’s downfall in russia
All the aristocrats have left and refuse to live under him unlike those in vienna
Napoleon’s army lives without supply lines - so all of these fights and fire breakout and most of the city is burned to the ground
Napoleon decides to leave and retreat back to France because there is nothing left. As they move through Russia they are starving and cold and peasant groups are attacking them. By The time they make it out of Russia the army has gone from 400,000 to 40,000
After he begins to lose the National assembly asks him to abdicate and he is exiled on a mediterranean island called elba
which rebellion was when Napoleon fell
Rebellion in 1808 - guerilla style warfare that he is unable to crush
Last stand of Napoleon
- last stand after escape from Island
Many view him as their campions
Targets weakest part of the coalition force in belgium under arthur wesley - duke of wellington
Believes wellington is not someone to take seriously
WAterloo
Napoleon wastes men and resources at higomont
Fighting at Lay Haye .. is in fields almost hand to hand combat
He cant see ppl at the top of the hill and all these soldiers come down and he is defeated
Exiled AGAIN
Had divorced Josephine bc she couldnt have another kid and married a habsburg princess
Last word was Josephine
what was napoleon’s last word
Josephine
How Napoleon Left his mark
Napoleonic code had been brought - social revolution
Schools had educators fired to make sure they supported napoleon
Napoleon creates a generation of young ppl who believe popular sovereignty if national communities exist
Congress of Vienna
Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, France
want to create a system that will protect each other’s power
- prevent another revolution
- redraw territory lines??
Who is Heigl
Influential philosopher in Europe
1770- 1832
believed Reason dominates world history
DUALISTIC
Thesis and antithesis
Spirit + Matter
Heigl’s view on spirit
Confined by matter
Pressure between matter and spirit within a state that produces change and progress
Contentment =
apathy no striving for a greater understanding of spirit
Heigl believes people are at tension with the state because
it limits their actions and self expression
but its needed to live
Acting according to reasonable impulse = spirit which is pushing against personal self interest
In tension with spirit as well
Spirit needs both individual and state but state more
Is there meaning in human existence
Heigl Limit understanding of reality
Heigal passes on information to his cult ? but not even they understand
matter for heigl
Connects you to others but leads to your own destruction
Carol Marx
Fanboy of heigl ?
Revolutionary element
Not spirit like it is for heigl
What pushes the drive during the Industrial revolution
Making something for less pushes others out of business - drive and competition to out proceed to gain a larger share of the market
what does the industrial revolution begin in England
enclosure movement in 15th century
Merchants and bankers shared the risk of overseas to push landowners to practice enclosure - get more profit out of land - profit driven mentality
Enclosure is when you kick the serfs off the land to give more land to raise sheep so they can produce more wool.
Demand for raw wool
Commercial ethos is adopted - not adopted in spain due to resistance of being involved with merchants - they were ashamed of them
Philosophy of pursue profit as an individual
revisit industrial revolution content up until potato blight
potato blight
Irish famine - irish are almost entirely sharecroppers and were more dependent on the potato
British government would not relax the corn laws which protected british wheat. This meant wheat could not be sold to England because it would hurt English farmers. It also meant the Irish were unable to make money. Even when it was overturned it didn’t make much of a difference
⅕ of the population starved to death and another ⅕-⅖ left
Marx
Young Hegalians
History has a trajectory and a narrative that is unfolding that we can discern and understand - an end point
Materialists - no spiritual realm only matter
Who does this thesis belong to?
His thesis: History is explained by the antagonism between classes
Class antagonism drives historical change
Human behavior explained by class antagonism
Marx
Antagonism
necessarily conflict between people who do not share the same socio economic interest
what is the source of tension and conflict
Social diversity is the source of tension and conflict
Marx vs Bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie is creating their own demise as they pursue their goal of capital and supplying the proletarian
Effort to make capitalism more fair is j going to delay the whole process
Improving living conditions is counter productive
Class antagonism explains human behavior and they need to be brought together
People are made to work against each other until they rationally see that their interests align
MARX communism
Communism is about political revolution to overthrow bourgeoisie power and aims at a society where everyone has equal property
Marx says children are going to be brought up in community and not taught by the family
Wants us to think of ourselves a proletarians
Private property drives the power of B.
Private property, family, and nation state prop up the bourgeoisie
No exclusive relationships, parents dont raise their own children, national identity
National identity - gives sense of belonging and meaning anf divides you from other countries - must be taken out
Liberalism:
trying to bring ways of the via antigua back into the conversation since the middle ages - DIRECTLY contradicts socialism.
Spiritual element - reflecting divine nature
Look beyond material need
Rerum Novarum
Human diversity is the basis of human harmony as long as each person fulfills their obligations to other
Pope Leo XIII defends the rights of workers to a just wage, decent working conditions, and the right to form labor unions. He criticizes both unfettered capitalism and socialism, advocating instead for a middle way that respects the dignity of the individual and the importance of private property while also recognizing the obligations of employers to their workers.
according to Pope Leo what is the role of the state
to ensure each one has what justly belongs to it
What right is non-negotiable according to pope leo
Right to PROPERTY - non negotiable
Right of Assembly/ association - non negotiable
Right to what is yours because you have imprinted your personality into it - it derives something from you - you have changed it- cultivated
Divine imperative to be fruitful and multiply - to take care of children you must have something to pass on to them - the family is the first society and cornerstone of it
Bc Rational animal suggests you need to be able to use property in a way that is different from other animals
Without property we are less motivated to do work bc we don’t own it or want to build it up
what does leo say about inheritance
Family should have some relevance to the conversation - it is an entity that should be included when determining how property is passed on
