Final Exam Flashcards
Temperament
forms the basis of personality development through the
dispositions by which young infants first exert a unique influence on others
around them, and become recognized by others as distinct individuals.
Emotion
includes the capacity for emotional expression, understanding, and
regulation, all of which contribute to the development of personality.
Self
is important for how it a person processes information using the core of his or
her self-perceived personhood.
Temperament, self, and emotion help to define…
individuality from the beginning of life.
temperament, emotion, and self each reflects…
an interaction
between emergent intrinsic capacities and the influences of the social world.
In this ongoing dynamic between nature and nurture, ___________ takes shape,
personality
personality
each developing child becomes a unique person in a complex social world.
the defining features that distinguish temperament from moods or emotions
concerns the early emerging, stable individuality in a person’s
behavior, this distinguishes it from more transient emotional states and influences on the child
three defining features of temperamental individuality
- temperamental characteristics are constitutional in nature (biologically
based)
-emperament is expected to be relatively stable
over time. That is, individual differences in temperamental characteristics are
stable: A child who is dispositionally more cheerful than peers in infancy should,
as a preschooler, still be more cheerful than age-mates
-temperament interacts with the environment as an influence on
development.
the three common dimensions of temperamen
-emotion
-self-regulation
-activity level
emotion
Negative Affectivity: (Rothbart & Bates)
-Frustration
-Fear
-Discomfort
- Sadness
-Soothability
Quality of Mood (Thomas & Chess)
Emotionality (Buss & Plamin)
Self-regulation
Effortful Control: (Rothbart & Bates)
-Attentional control
-Inhibitory control
-Perceptual sensitivity
-Low-intensity pleasure
Rhythmicity: (Thomas & Chase)
-Approach/withdrawal
-Adaptability
-Distractability
-Persistence-Attention
-Sensory threshold of responsiveness
Activity level
Extraversion/surgency: (Rothbart & Bates)
-Activity
-Shyness (low)
-High-intensity pleasure
-Smiling & laughter
-Impulsivity
-Positive Anticipation
-Affiliation
Intensity of reaction: (Thomas & Chase)
Sociability (Buss & Plomin)
measures of temperament obtained in the initial months of life are…
only inconsistently associated with later assessments of the same aspects of
temperament
greater short-term stability in certain temperament dimensions begins to
be observed…
after the first year, but sometimes earlier.
there is increasing evidence for longer-term associations between
temperament and later behavior after…
the second year of life.
7 basic emotions
Happiness
sadness
fear
interest
anger
disgust
surprise
4 emotions that are
thought to be more self-conscious
Pride
shame
guilt
embarrassment
Emotional development includes multiple features of psychological growth. This includes:
-the psychobiological foundations of emotion
-developing capacities for
perceiving emotion in others
-emotional understanding
-the development of empathy
-the growth of self-understanding
-mastery of emotional display rules,
-developing capacities for emotion regulation.
The story of emotional
development is how these different features of emotion…
mature and become
integrated in shaping emotional experience and its expression.
emotional perception
the ability to accurately perceive emotion in others.
Even____________ can discriminate and categorize facial expressions of smiling
5-month-olds
display rules
understanding and applying social rules
for the display of emotion in social settings
an example of when it may be appropriate or
inappropriate to show the same emotion.
person is supposed
to show delight when opening a gift, even if it is undesirable (especially in the
presence of the gift-giver), and one is not supposed to laugh at a defeated
opponent or at someone who takes an unexpected spill on a slippery sidewalk
The “self”
a person’s sense of subjective self-awareness, and the perception of
oneself as an actor, a perceiver, one who is emotional, a thinker, and one who
experiences things, all of which he or she is consciously aware
Self-representation
who you think you are, which includes physical self-
recognition, assigning labels to oneself (e.g., gender, racial or ethnic identity, age,
etc.), attributing character’s qualities to oneself (e.g., shy, friendly, or bright), and
understanding how self-relevant processes function (e.g., thinking, feeling, and
motivation).
Autobiographical personal narratives
recollections of specific events in the
past that are integrated because of their personal meaning and relation to oneself
Self-evaluations
consist of self-evaluations that color self-representations and
become integrated into the self-concept and self-image. Self-evaluations often
come from the internalization of others’ evaluations, but they also come from the
quality of personal self-regard and developing capacities for self-understanding.
The social self
primarily thought of in a social context and as being influenced
by social interactions and relationships (especially with parents). It is not until
around the age of 2 that young children begin to be interested and concerned with
how their behavior is perceived by others (e.g., caregivers).
According to attachment theory, attachments develop out of…
interactions within
dynamic relationships, with individuals’ experiences of different relationships
making up their understanding of the social world (e.g., parent-child
relationships).
three key issues that developmental psychology has focused on over the past 40
years regarding attachment
-there has been increasing agreement that the family is a system in which
children influence their parents as much as parents “socialize” their children, and
that each member of the system must be understood with reference to the others.
- parenting and child development do not take place in a social vacuum.
Parents and children interact within a complex system of influences that extend
far beyond the household.
- researchers have made extensive efforts recently to identify the role of
behavior genetics in understanding parent–child relationships and their effects.
Bowlby’s attachment theory emphasized…
the way that the infant’s innate capacity
to emit signals to which adults are biologically predisposed to respond fostered
the development of attachments
What four phases in the development of parent-infant attachments did Bowlby (1969) describe?
a. The newborn phase of indiscriminate social responsiveness (the first one or two
months).
b. The phase of discriminating sociability (the second to the seventh months).
c. Maintenance of proximity to a particular person by means of moving as well as
vocal signals (from the seventh month through the second year).
d. Goal-corrected partnership (the third year on).
Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) developed “The Strange
Situation” for assessing the security of infant-adult attachment. This is…
The procedure has seven parts, designed to expose infants to increasing levels of
stress in order to observe how they react around their parents when distressed by
being in an unfamiliar environment, the entrance of an unfamiliar adult, and brief
separations from the parent (see Table 6.1)
responsive parenting
nurturing, attentive,
nonrestrictive parental care
Generally, sensitive or responsive parenting and synchronous infant–mother interactions are associated with….
secure infant behavior in the Strange Situation
mothers of infants who behave in either insecure–avoidant or insecure–
resistant ways show…
less socially desirable patterns of behavior, whereby mothers
may overstimulate or under-stimulate their children, fail to make their behaviors
contingent on infant behavior, appear cold or rejecting, and sometimes act
incompetently.
Fathers are also more likely to engage in… while mothers are more likely to initiate games….
physically stimulating or unpredictable
types of play than are mothers; like patty-cake and peek-a-boo, or to engage in bouts of play with toys
Fathers often provide more….
unpredictable, less rhythmic, and less containing
stimulation (both physical and vocal) than did mothers. For example, triadic
interactions between parents and their 11 to 15-month-olds showed that mothers
seemed to maintain interaction, while fathers show more positive affect.
Children with secure attachments to their mothers are more…
cooperatively playful
than insecure infants when interacting with friendly strangers or peers.
Children who were securely attached to their mothers as infants also persisted…
longer and more enthusiastically in cognitively challenging situations than did
children who had insecure attachments
secure infants seem to be more resilient and robust when…
stressed or
challenged and appear more socially competent and independent when they enter
preschool.
Insecure attachment in infancy, particularly of the disorganized/disoriented type
(D), is associated with…
elevated rates of antisocial and externalized behavior
problems in childhood.
Gender has an influence on socialization in general, and parent–child interactions
in particular, although…
researchers have shown few differences in the ways in
which boys and girls are treated by their parents during the first years of life.
Researchers have shown only one consistent minor difference between mothers
and fathers
there is a tendency for fathers to encourage the use of sex-typed
toys.
In what ways do parenting styles change when children are in middle childhood?
school-aged children
need less intensive and more subtle monitoring and exert more self-control than
younger children.
Most parents and professionals, believe that parents must continue to assume
directive roles, allowing children to express emotions fully, making important
norms salient, and setting appropriate limits when necessary.
4 patterns of parenting styles, according to
Baumrind’s (1960s) model
. Authoritarian parents value obedience and recommend forceful imposition of the
parents’ will.
b. Permissive parents believe that parents should be nonintrusive but available as
resources.
c. Nonconformist parents, although opposed to authority, are “less passive and exert
more control than permissive parents”.
d. Authoritative parents encourage independence and attempt to shape their
preschoolers’ behavior using rational explanation. Authoritative parenting is
generally lined with better outcomes for children.
Tension is inevitable in adolescence
parents try to maintain attachments and dependency while
teenagers strive for independence.
Adjustment and maladjustment in childhood stem from a wide variety of sources,
including:
siblings, teachers or out-of-home caregivers, peers, etc
Early on, social awareness of very young infants was_______,but socially
oriented interest during the first half-year of life includes_______.
underestimated; smiling, vocalizing, and
reaching toward peers.
