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Developmental Psych > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Emerging Adulthood?

A

Is a separate period; role transitions are consistent across cultures, erikson’s young adult stage of intimacy vs isolation is distinct from adolescence and middle adulthood

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2
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

the abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, that allow you to make inferences, and that enable you to understand the relations among concepts

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3
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture

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4
Q

Postformal Thought

A

a recognition that truth may vary from situation to situation, that solutions must be realistic to be reasonable, that ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception, and that emotion and subjective factors usually play roles in thinking

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5
Q

Criticisms of Piaget

A

Development occurs beyond childhood

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6
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Knowledge that people acquire through life experience and education in a particular culture

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7
Q

Changes in Intellectual Functioning over Adulthood

A

Learning becomes more difficult; fluid intelligence declines, crystallized intelligence increases

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8
Q

Criticism of Piaget

A

Cognitive development continues beyond adolescence

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9
Q

Life Story

A

Personal narrative that organizes past events into a coherent sequence

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10
Q

Possible Selves

A

what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming.

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11
Q

Scenario

A

Expectations about the future

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12
Q

Stages of Adult Friendship

A

Acquaintanceship, buildup, continuation, deterioration, and ending

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13
Q

Cross-Sex Friendships

A

Beneficial, especially for men (lower dating anxiety, increase capacity for intimacy). May/often results in jealousy from romantic partners

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14
Q

Female Friendships

A

Tend to be based on more intimate and emotional sharing and use friendship as a means to confide in oters

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15
Q

Male Friendships

A

Tend to be based on shared activities/interests and are often less intimate. Small, close group

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16
Q

Divorce’s Effect on Development

A

Both partners feel deeply disappointed, misunderstood, and rejected, and suffer negative health consequences.

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17
Q

Sternberg’s Theory of Love

A

Three components to love: Intimacy (Liking), Passion (Infatuation), and Commitment (Empty love). Early in a relationship, passion is high, rest tend to be low. Passion starts to fade; relationship either acquires intimacy or ends. Long-term, intimacy/passion decrease, commitment increases

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18
Q

Factors That Influence Career Choice

A

Holland’s personality type theory (investigative, social, realistic, artistic, conventional, and enterprising); career construction theory (CCT), people build careers through their own actions that result from the interface of their personal characteristics and the social context; social cognitive career theory (SCCT), career choice is heavily influenced by one’s interests

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19
Q

Gender Differences In Workplace

A

Women who are successful in nontraditional jobs tend to be viewed negatively compared with similarly successful men, men are respected more than women for doing the same job, women in traditional careers are seen as more attractive

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20
Q

Climacteric

A

a woman’s transition from her reproductive to nonreproductive years

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21
Q

Perimenopause

A

the time of transition from regular menstruation to menopause (decrease in estrogen/progesterone, changes in reproductive organs/sexual functioning)

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22
Q

Menopause

A

the point at which menstruation stops

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23
Q

Differences in Thinking Between Young and Middle Adulthood

A

young adults, as they become middle adults, adopt postformal thinking, which is more flexible and multifaceted and accounts for emotion. As adults grow older, memory/reaction time/fluid intelligence decreases, while crystallized intelligence increases

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24
Q

Changes in Personality over Adulthood

A

With age, personality adjustment (developmental changes in terms of their adaptive value and functionality such as whether one can function effectively within society and how personality contributes to everyday life running smoothly) increases, while personality growth (ideal end states such as increased self-transcendence, wisdom, and integrity) remains stable or declines. personality is less likely to change after 30, but still can

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25
Q

Changes in Family Relationships in Middle Adulthood

A

Can develop a more friend-like relationship with parents; parents may become dependent on child

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26
Q

Longevity

A

number of years a person can expect to live

27
Q

Average Life Expectancy

A

The age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died

28
Q

Useful Life Expectancy

A

number of years that a person is free from debilitating chronic disease and impairment

29
Q

Maximum Life Expectancy

A

the oldest to which any person lives

30
Q

Wear-and-Tear Theory

A

suggests that the body, much like any machine, gradually deteriorates and finally wears out

31
Q

Cellular Theories

A

explanation of aging that focuses on processes that occur within individual cells that may lead to the buildup of harmful substances or the deterioration of cells over a lifetime

32
Q

Telomeres

A

tips of the chromosomes that shorten and break with increasing age, making it so that cells can no longer divide

33
Q

Free Radicals

A

chemicals that are produced randomly during normal cell metabolism and that bond easily to other substances inside cells; cause cellular damage that impairs functioning

33
Q

Programmed Cell Death

A

theory that aging is genetically programmed

33
Q

Cross-Linking

A

some proteins interact randomly with certain body tissues such as muscles and arteries, stiffening them

33
Q

Cognitive Changes with Age

A

Psychomotor speed (reaction time) slows; drivers get worse

33
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Spiral-shaped masses formed when fibers that compose the axon become twisted together.

34
Q

Amyloid Plaque

A

Structural change in the brain produced when damaged and dying neurons collect around a core of protein

34
Q

Explicit Memory

A

The deliberate and conscious remembering of information that is learned and remembered at a specific time

34
Q

Changes in Types of Memory with Age

A

working memory generally declines, so does episodic memory. semantic/implicit memory is mostly unaffected

34
Q

Changes in Senses with Age

A

decline in vision (reduced ability to clearly see objects up close; presbyopia) and hearing (reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones; presbycusis)

34
Q

Working Memory

A

the processes and structures in mind and simultaneously using it to solve a problem,
make a decision, perform some function, or learn new information

35
Q

Implicit Memory

A

The unconscious remembering of information learned at some earlier time

36
Q

Wisdom

A

dealing with important or difficult matters of life and the human condition, is truly “superior” knowledge, judgement, and advice, and, when used, is well-intended and combines mind and virtue (character)[

37
Q

Continuity Theory

A

the view that people tend to cope with daily life in later adulthood by applying familiar strategies based on past experience to maintain and preserve both internal and external structures

38
Q

Competence-Environmental Press Theory

A

people’s optimal adaptation occurs when there is a balance between their ability to cope and the level of environmental demands placed on them

39
Q

Disengagement Theory

A

mutual withdrawal of older adults and society

40
Q

Activity Theory

A

Social barriers cause declining interaction; older adults try not to decline

41
Q

Spirituality in Later Life

A

Older adults, particular African Americans, use religion and spiritual support more often than any other strategy to help them cope with problems of life. those involved with/committed to their faith have better physical and mental health than those who are not

42
Q

Factors that Influence the Choice to Retire

A

Retirement benefits, leisure interests, level of work commitment, health, spouse’s employment status, flexibility of work schedule, how enjoyable their job is, but most importantly, their personal choice

43
Q

Factors that Influence Adjustment to Retirement

A

if stopping work was voluntary, fulfillment elsewhere, health, adequate income, activity level, education level, how extended their social network is, and, for men, if they have a partner

44
Q

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

A

basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing

45
Q

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

A

actions that require some intellectual competence and planning, such as driving, meal planning, and paying bills

46
Q

Assisted Living Facility

A

supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with ADLs or IADLs but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24-hour care

47
Q

Nursing Home

A

type of long-term care facility that provides medical care 24 hours a day 7 days a week using a team of health care professionals that includes physicians (who must be on call at all times), nurses, therapists (e.g., physical, occupational), and others

48
Q

Eden Alternative

A

seeks to eliminate loneliness, helplessness, and boredom from the lives of those living in long-term care facilities and to create a community in which life is worth living. This can be achieved by rethinking how care is provided in the older person’s own home or in long-term care facilities through training

49
Q

Green House Project

A

creates small neighborhood-integrated homes for six to ten residents in which older adults receive a high level of personal and professional care. The Green House Project takes the principles of the Eden Alternative and creates a different culture of care in the community

50
Q

Pioneer Network

A

focuses on changing the culture of aging in America irrespective of where older adults live. Like the Eden Alternative, this approach focuses on respecting older adults and providing maximally supportive environments for them. The Pioneer Network, as part of the larger cultural change in caring for older adults, advocates for a major emphasis on making
nursing homes more like a home

51
Q

Cohousing

A

planned community that is modest in size and is built around an open, walkable space designed to foster social interaction among neighbors. Neighbors provide care for each other when it is needed. Personal autonomy is a core value for the people who create cohousing developments

52
Q

Cluster Housing

A

combines the aging-in-place philosophy with supportive services. A key feature is that services are provided to the residents by staff hired by the owner or by a service provider under contract

53
Q

EC: Attribution Styles/Person vs Process Praise

A

mastery-oriented attribution style focuses on effort and having had “earned” a particular outcome (associated with process praise), while learned helplessness attribution style has the perspective of having outcomes be directed by forces outside of one’s control, such as a bad professor or a person’s inherent talent (associated with person praise)

54
Q

EC: Internal Working Model/Attachment Styles

A

set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsiveness

55
Q

EC: Complex Emotions (Influences on their development; what has to develop before they can)

A

emotions that don’t surface until 18-24 months and involve injury or enhancement of sense of self (e.g. pride, shame, embarrassment, envy); self-awareness needs to develop first (between 15-18)

Developmental Psych (2 decks)

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