Final Exam Flashcards
cumulative exam
list the four acoustics of voice
intensity, frequency, perturbation, clarity
this acoustic of voice varies by situation and in sustained phonation is measured as quietly as possible and as loudly as possible
intensity
what instrument is used to measure intensity
sound level meter
what is the typical range of intensity measured by a sound level meter
47-100 dB SPL
the perceptual correlate of F0
pitch
the cycles per second your vocal folds undergo
FO
t/f the relationship between pitch and F0 is linear
false
list some instruments that can be used to measure F0
visipitch, multidimensional voice profile, spectrogram
what is the F0 maximum range for men
77-750 Hz
what is the F0 maximum range for women
150-1000 Hz
cycle-to-cycle variability in vocal fold vibratory amplitude (intensity perturbation)
shimmer
shimmer is typically around _ - _ %
3-4%
shimmer and jitter both relate to vocal quality _
roughness
cycle-to-cycle variability in the rate of vocal fold vibration (frequency perturbation)
jitter
jitter is typically less than _ %
1%
noise to harmonic ration is typically around _
0.1
what are the direct physiological measures of vf function
laryngeal mirror and endoscopy
what are the indirect physiological measures of vf function
videokymography and electroglottography
uses only a light and mirror and can only be conducted during sustained phonation
laryngeal mirror
small tube shaped instrument passes through the nasal cavity and can assess velopharyngeal movement and laryngeal movement
flexible endoscopy
small tube shaped instrument enters the oral approach and has high magnification, can only really look at the larynx
rigid endoscopy
special kind of endoscopy that allows us to visualize fd vibration not just what the vf look like
stroboscope
a research tool that uses technology used for television to scan one single line on the vocal folds repeatedly to tell us the glottal configuration
videokymography
2 electrodes on each side of the thyroid cartilage and 1 emits a low current as the other one receives it when the vf come in contact with one another
electroglottography
list the three vocal qualities
speech, falsetto, belt
vocal quality that is baseline volume, nothing super characteristic about it
speech quality
vocal quality that can be anywhere indoor range, it is quieter with a lot more air
falsetto quality
vocal quality where we are trying to get louder. there is greater medial compression and greater sub glottal pressure
belt quality
list the four figure conditions of the true vocal folds body cover
thick, thin, stiff, slack
true vocal folds body cover where just the edges of the vocal folds are coming together because there is a lot of tension
thin
true vocal folds body cover where the vocal folds are together, relatively loud and clear pattern of vibration
thick
true vocal folds body cover where voice is quieter but a lot more air is coming through because the vocal folds are more open
stiff
true vocal folds body cover where the vocal folds are floppy, they are bouncing off of each other and there is no frequency to it
slack
list some factors that can influence vocal quality
medial compress of vf, longitudinal compression of vf, cross sectional mass of vf, sub glottal pressure, and supraglottal configuration of vocal tract
increased jitter and increased shimmer
rough
rough and breathy, increased jitter, increased shimmer, increased NHR
hoarse
2 pitches, increased phonatory range, increased jitter
diplophonic
decreased phonatory range
monotone
decreased airflow, decreased dB, decreased frequency
slack true vocal folds body cover
high pressure and low airflow
strained
high airflow, typically decreased pressure, increased MHR
breathy
vowels are classified by the relationship between the
first three formant frequencies
t/f the vocal tact is a variable resonator
true
what types of sounds are produced with an open vocal tract
vowels, semivowels (glides and liquids), and diphthongs
what sounds are produced with a more constricted vocal tract
fricatives, stops, affricates, and nasals
list some qualities of vowels
always voiced, open vocal tract, little to no noise, louder sounds, longer in duration, and carriers of prosody
vowel boundaries have infinite production possibilities that are subject to
languages, dialects phonetic contexts, attractor state
older theory of vowel production: hemholtz
tongue and velum divide vocal tract into two separate resonating cavities
what was the problem with the Hemholtz theory of vowel production
it didn’t take into account the source or any other divisions of resonating cavities
theory that states there is phonation at the vocal folds and articulation in the vocal track and there is interaction between the two
dynamic source filter theory
the vocal tract is essentially an open tube from the _ to _
larynx to lips
resonances in the vocal tract are called
formant frequencies
_ number multiples of frequency are used for calculation in neutral vocal tract position
odd
vocal tract is variable so resonance changes when
structures move
resonant frequencies will vary depending upon
where the articulators are located
lowest formant on spectrogram that may overlap with voicing bar
formant 1
what frequency range is formant 1
250-750 Hz
formant 1 tells us how much space is in the
pharynx
if the pharyngeal cavity is reduced in size (low vowels) F1 occurs at a _ frequency
higher
If the pharyngeal cavity is more over (high vowels) F1 occurs at a _ frequency
lower
the most visibly changing formant
2
what is the large range in Hz for formant 2
1000-2500
formant 2 is most responsive to changes in
oral cavity size
high front vowels decrease the length of the oral cavity and therefore _ f2
increase
if there is a point of constriction at a point of maximum pressure formant frequency _
raises
if there is a point of constriciton at a point of maximum velocity formany frequency _
lowers
moving from a high to a low vowel _ f1 and _ f2
increases and decreases
moving from a front to back vowel _ f1 and _ f2
increases and decreases
lip rounding _ all formants
decreases
all formants _ as length increases
decreases
approximation of structures
physiologic meaning or articulation
speech sound production
phonetic meaningn of articulations
the vocal tract is the sound source for what type of sounds
stops, fricatives, affricates
consonants are classified by
manner, place, and voicing
consonants have a more _ than vowels
constricted
consonant were air is totally blocked for a period of time
stops (plosive)
little or no sound energy
stop gap
vertical spikes following stop gap
release burst
a _ stop has a more intense burst with signifcant aspiration
voiceless
timing of stop release to intitiation of phonation
voice onset time
rapid movement in formants due to vocal tract shift from consonant to vowel
formant transitions
F1 is c lose to zero during stop so it will always _ from stop to vowel
increase
fricatives are produced with a _ _ in the vocal tract
narrow constriction
_ have a longer duration than stops
fricatives
what fricatives contain higher frequency noise than other fricatives
/s/ /z/
have cues for both stops and fricatives
affricates
what are the primary nasal resonators
pharynx and nasal cavity
nasals have an increased length and size of the vocal tract by opening the _ _ and closing off the _ _
velopharyngeal port and oral cavity
adding the nasal cavity to vocal tract creates areas of dead space in speech signal called
antiformant
voiced speech sounds. that aren’t fully vowels nor fully fricatives
glides and liquids
vocal tract is more constricted than vowels, gradual articulator movement, good formant structure
glides
quick articulator movement and rapid acoustic change, good formant structure, sustainable over time
liquids
in /l/ there is great _ in F2
variability
in retroflex /r/ there is extreme lowering of _ close to _
f3 to f2
the adjustment of articulator movements to target more than one sound simultaneously
coarticulation
properties of upcoming target affect current target
anticipatory coarticulation
properties of current target affect upcoming sound
carryover coarticulation
what are some reasons that we coarticulate
only necessary movements, shortest path between articulatory targets, help us move articulators more quickly
why does coarticulation make speech easily understood by the brain
it gives info in both the transition to and from the sound
t/f resonant frequencies remain the same between every
false
f2 increases from stop to vowel
bilabials
f2 decreases from stop to vowel except for high front vowels
alveolar
f2 decreases from stop to vowel
velar
a different phoneme is produced due to the influence of the phonetic context
assimilation
what factors make it hard for technology to interpret human speech
segmentation and lack of invariance
phonemes vary by _ _ and _
phonetic context and speaker
properties of speech that do not change phonemes but impact meaning
prosody
what is another name for prosody
suprasegmentals
may be affected by respiratory cycle and is connected to attitudes and feelings
intonation
the timing of what we say provides extra cues about meaning; how long the vowel sound lasts
duration
the separation of syllables in connected speech
juncture
can be calculated in syllables or words per second
rate
this is a major factor in determining stress
loudness
is associated with higher muscle activity, often shows up acoustically as higher pitch, higher intensity, and longer duration
stress
a way to study the placement of the tongue during articulation
electropalatography
the speaker is fitted with a pseudo palate covered in electrodes and the electrodes respond when contacted by the speaker’s tongue
electropalatography
allows us to see structures deep in the oral cavity and the transducer is placed below the mandible
ultrasound
this tongue structure is important for correct production of strident fricatives and may also be present in /r/
central groove
what are some instrumentation that can be used for voice disorders
praat, voice print, mdvp, stoboscopy
what are some measurements we want to collect in individuals with voice disorders
average F0, jitter, shimmer, HNR, mean pressure
Assesses the degree of contact between the vocal folds through a low current run between two electrodes on either side of the thyroid cartilage
Electroglottography
a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for motor skills
motor learning
little if any conscious awareness of skill acquisition
implicit
tends to be relatively robust and results in inflexible knowledge
implicit
requires conscious analysis of the skill of being learned
explicit
may improve independent practice accurate and was originally thought to interfere with implicit learning
explicit
What are the benefits of combining implicit and explicit learning
improved performance, better generalization, faster learning
emphasizes the increasing probability of success and decreasing the probability of error
errorless learning
emphasizes the necessity of information acquired through making mistakes
errorful learning
feedback is given about how to complete a given task and is helpful for when client is unaware of the error they are making
knowledge of performance
feedback is given about the result of a given task but individuals can become reliant upon feedback
knowledge of results
frequently used as a cue for motor movement in speech therapy and it decreases the cognitive load
gestures
minimal rest between trials and practice sessions
massed practice
practice sessions spaced out across days, months, etc.
distributed practice
what are two factors that improve generalization
practicing in varied environments and reducing feedback over time to improve self monitoring
list the parts of the brain involved in motor learning
primary motor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, basil ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex
speakers are trying to match their speech to specific targets either acoustic, aerodynamic, or articulatory
target theories
there is a preset command for each movement for speech that we use
motor program theory
what are the two proposed levels of the motor program theory
exectutive level- select, organize, initiate and effector level- control and execute
what are some of the problems with the motor program theory
storage, novel gestures, and slow feedback loop
we rely on sensory feedback from our own bodies to produce speech
sensory feedback
what are some ways that we get sensory feedback
hearing ourselves, sensory receptors in our muscles, pressure receptors in articulators
sensory information is used to detect errors in speech output
feedback
sensory information changes the way we produce speech in real time
feedforward signals
the speech system has so many variable articulators that all work together to perform a target movement
dynamic systems models
t/f in the dynamic systems models muscles group up to do a certain taskS but can belong to many groups simultaneously
True
a whole lot of information s being processed simultaneously and therefore interacts whenever you are producing speech
connectionist models
this speech production theory is related to parallel distribution processing because neural networks work together to excite or inhibit neurons to produce muscle activation
connectionist models
perception of speech occurs nearly solely from the acoustic signal. No additional information is needed
bottom-up processing
use of context, linguistic cues, and other knowledge to make sense of speech, often when acoustic signal alone isn’t enough
top-down processing
suggest that cognition plays a role in perception, and that production and perception are linked
active theories
emphasize sensory components of speech perception and minimize role of cognition
passive theories
perception occurs in a closed system, no general knowledge or outside information
autonomous
perception uses knowledge available to a listener to shape the perceived speech
interactive
listeners use their own knowledge of how sounds are produced to help process others’ speech
motor theory
listeners perceive speech as an entire event
direct-realist theory
the acoustic features of the language you learned as an infant create prototypes to help you process speech
native language magnet theory
listeners categorize the sounds they hear by certain acoustic landmarks
acoustic landmarks and distinctive features
listeners process speech at several levels simultaneously, each level is organized into cognitive units called nodes
trace model
listeners start trying to identify a word at its first sound, and continue to narrow it down until they recognize it. when the first sound is heard, listeners access al words that begin with that sound
cohort theory
what are the biological functions of the larynx
protecting the larynx, pushing and pulling, and pulmonary functions
the mucosal wave proceeds _ to _
inferior to superior
t/f the vf have to be completely adducted for phonation
false
when air or liquid flows through a point of constriction given a constant rate of flow, pressure decreases and velocity increases. This is called the
Bernoulli effect
t/f muscular forces cause continued vf vibration
false, muscular forces initially bring vf together and maintain medical compression but vibration is caused by aerodynamics and the larynx and elasticity of the vocal folds
the larger the mass of VF, the slower their movement which will result in a _ frequency
lower
stiffer vocal folds will require more force to begin movement and structure will return to its original position fast which means that they will vibrate faster, this leads to a _ frequency
increased
between 2 different individuals, longer vocal folds with vibrate with a _ frequency
lower
within an individual, when you increase the length of VF you _ the rate of vibration and frequency
increase
what are two direct measurements of sub glottal pressure in speech
tracheal puncture and sensing tube between VF
what are two indirect estimates of sub glottal pressure in speech
esophageal balloons and estimation of intramural pressure
to measure airflow rates two objective measurements are
pneumotachograph and a spirometer
to measure airflow rate a subjective measurement is
maximum phonation time
sub glottal air pressure = atmospheric pressure and VF vibration stops this is called
passive cessation
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in any single breath cycle
tidal volume
amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
residual volume
amount of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible
vital capacity
amount of air in lungs after expiration phase of normal breath cycle
functional residual capacity
amount of air the lungs are capable of holding at height of max inhalation
total lung capacity
respiration occurs in part due to these two pressure changes
alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure
in extended phonation it is required that inspiratory muscles are activated to slow down exhalation this is called the
checking action
in speech breathing about _% inhale and _% exhale
10 and 90
something that is forced into vibration by another vibrator
resonator
t/f only somethings have a natural resonant frequency while others do not
false- all resonators have a natural resonant frequency at which an object or system most efficiently vibrates
what are the two types of resonance
mechanical- an object. is forced into vibration and acoustic-air inside an object is forced into vibration
the object is set into vibration by an outside force
mechanical resonance
contains air that vibrates
acoustic resonators
the vocal tract can be called a - _
quarter wave resonator
t/f formants do not change the frequencies produced by the source
true
t/f formants change the quality of sound that is produced
true
harmonics come from the
source
formants come from the
filter
all waves that are not _ are complex waves
sinusoidal
complex waves that are a series of sinusoids that differ in amplitude frequency and phase are called a
Fourier series
a wave that repeats itself over time
periodic wave
the sinusoidal parts of a wave chant be chosen at random they must ratify a
harmonic relation
with a harmonic relation each sinusoid in the series must be an _ _ of the lowest frequency in the series
integer multiple
whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
t/f energy is required at each harmonic
false
t/f most sounds are complex
true
what would be an example of a simple wave sound
pure tones, sine waves, and one frequency
category of wave: regulatory over time, repeating pattern, sine wave, vowels
periodic
category of wave: lack of regularity, many environmental sounds, turbulent sounds, pathologic voices
aperiodic
t/f complex waves are periodic when all components are periodic
true
graphs amplitude by time
waveforms
graphs amplitude by frequency
spectrum
lines represent energy at only certain frequencies
line spectrums
a line indicates the overall shape of the relative changes in amplitude across the frequency range
continuous spectrums
graph amplitude by frequency
power spectrums
graph energy at frequencies over time
spectrograms
spectrogram that helps us to see formants
wideband
spectrogram that helps us to see fundamental frequency and harmonics
narrowband
sound travels in _ waves
longitudinal
magnitude of a sound wave
amplitude
the rate in Hz at which a sinusoid repeat itsel, also the rate of vibration of the sound source
frequency
the time required to complete one cycle
period
distance traveled by sine wave in one period of vibration
wavelength
what are two factors that can affect the speed of sound
the density of a medium and the elasticity of the medium
study of sound
acoustics
study of airflow
aerodynamics
study of motion
physiology and kinematics
forces that cause movement
dynamics
relationship between physical properties of sound and perception
psychoacoustics
