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BIO 106 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Transfer of electrons (lost=positive charge, gained=negative charge)

OIL (Oxidation Is Losing)
RIG (Reduction Is Gaining)

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2
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing electrons

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3
Q

Electronegativity

A

The pull for shared electrons

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4
Q

Nonpolar Covalent

A

Molecules of one element pull toward each atom equally

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5
Q

Polar Covalent

A

One molecule of different atoms attracts shared electrons more strongly than the other (in H2O oxygen attracts shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen)

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6
Q

H+

A

Hydrogen ion

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7
Q

OH-

A

Hydroxide ion

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8
Q

Acids

A

Higher H+ concentration

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9
Q

Bases

A

Higher OH- concentration, accepts hydrogen ions (H+) and removes them reducing H+ concentrations

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10
Q

Buffer

A

Chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits

(seawater is buffered by carbon)

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11
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

—OH

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12
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

> C=O

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13
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

—COOH

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14
Q

Amino Group

A

—NH2

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15
Q

Phosphate Group

A

—OPO3

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16
Q

Methyl Group

A

—CH3

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17
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

BUILDS a polymer chain

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18
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

BREAKS a polymer chain

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19
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Glucose & fructose

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20
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Monomers hooked together

Hydrophilic

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21
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides

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22
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide used by plants

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide used by animals (liver/muscle cells)

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24
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide fibrils in plant cell walls

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25
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharide responsible for exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans, cell wall in fungus

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26
Q

Lipid

A

Glycerol & fatty acids (most molecules = glycerol + 3 fatty acids)

Hydrophobic (nonpolar C-H bonds)

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27
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

No C-C double bonds

A hydrogen at every possible position

Solid at room temperature

Straight structure

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28
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

One or more C-C double bonds

Fewer than max number of hydrogen

Liquid at room temperature

Bent structure (double bond)

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29
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol & phosphate group

Phosphate group=hydrophilic

Fatty acid=hydrophobic

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30
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids with carbon skeleton of 4 fused carbon rings

Ex. Cholesterol (component in animal cell membranes to help keep them fluid, precursor from which all other steroids are synthesized, often hormones)

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31
Q

Protein

A

Polymer built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomers

STRUCTURE = FUNCTION

Types: structural, contractile, defensive, signal, receptor, transport, storage

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32
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that serve as metabolic catalysts, regulate chemical reactions

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33
Q

Amino Acid

A

Building blocks of proteins; amino group & carboxyl group

20 amino acids

R groups determine shape, charge, weight

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34
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

Chain of amino acids

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35
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Coiling or folding of polypeptide

Coiling -> helical (alpha helix)
Folding -> pleated sheet

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36
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

3D shape of protein

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37
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains (subunits) associated with

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38
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

DNA structure

X-Ray Diffraction

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39
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Double helix

Base pairing

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40
Q

Cell Theory (1839, Theodore Schwann & Matthias)

A
  1. All life is composed of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. Cells arise from already existing cells
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41
Q

Cell surface area

A

Small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume (more efficient)

42
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Controls movement of molecules into and out of the cell

Selective permeability

Made of: lipids, proteins, some carbohydrates, abundant in phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer -> fluid mosaic model)

43
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, directs protein synthesis

Nuclear envelope (double membrane with pores)

Chromatin (DNA arranged on obvious chromosomes only when the cell is dividing, nucleoplasm)

Nucleolus (synthesis of ribosomal RNA occurs, assembled into ribosomal subunits)

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in protein synthesis

Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus

Cells requiring large amounts of proteins require large amounts of ribosomes

Locations: Attached on Rough ER & nuclear envelope, free in the cytoplasm

Contain rRNA

45
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids

Catalyzes key step in mobilization of glucose from stored glycogen in liver

Storage of calcium

46
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Production of phospholipids

Attached ribosomes produce proteins

Abundant in cells that secrete proteins

Package proteins in membrane

47
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, shipping

Modifying of proteins & lipids from ER into final form

Cis side: receives material -> fusing with vesicles from the ER

Trans side: buds off vesicles -> travel to other sites

48
Q

Lysosome

A

Recycling and digesting cell material

49
Q

Vacuoles

A

Contractile (enzymes for digestion, pigment vacuoles in plants for flower color, central vacuole in plants for defense compounds)

Food (from phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes)

Contractile (found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell)

50
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration

Breakdown of glucose to form ATP

Powerhouse of the Cell

51
Q

Chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis

Converts light energy to chemical energy of sugar molecules

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules -> cell shape, mitosis, flagellar movement, organelle movement

Actin filaments (microfilaments) -> support cell shape, cell movement

Intermediate filaments -> reinforce cell shape, fix organelle location

53
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Prevent leakage

54
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Fasten cells to sheets

55
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channels

56
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Communication between plant cells

57
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles spread out evenly in an available space

Move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Passive transport -> facilitated diffusion

58
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves across a membrane down the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

Osmoregulation

59
Q

Isotonic

A

Concentration of solute is the same on both sides

Animal cell=normal

Plant cell=flaccid

60
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solute concentration outside cell is higher than that of the cell

Animal cell=shriveled

Plant cell=plasmolyzed

61
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solute concentration lower than that of the cell

Animal cell=lysed

Plant cell=turgid

62
Q

Active transport

A

Moving a solute against its concentration gradient

Requires ATP

63
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles EXPORT bulky molecules

64
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicles import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell

Phagocytosis=engulfment of a particle by vacuole

Pinocytosis=fluids taken in by small vesicles

Receptor-mediated endocytosis=receptor coated pits interact with a specific protein to form a vesicle

65
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Law of Energy Conservation

66
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy conversions increase entropy (disorder) of the universe

67
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy released

68
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy consumed

69
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Converts solar energy to chemical energy

Takes place in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Light reaction products=NADPH, ATP, O2

Calvin cycle occurs in stroma of chloroplasts -> products= 2 G3P to form 1 glucose

70
Q

C4 Plants

A

Carbon fixation that saves water without stopping photosynthesis, bundle sheath cells

71
Q

CAM Plants

A

Conserve water by opening their stomata and admitting CO2 only at night

72
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATPs

Produces ~32 ATP per glucose molecule

Glycolysis (glucose into 2 pyruvate, in cytoplasm)
Citric Acid Cycle (pyruvate into carbon dioxide, in mitochondria)
Oxidative Phosphorylation (electrons shuttled through ETC, in inner mitochondrion membrane)

73
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic energy-generating process

Produces -> 2 ATP, reduces NAD+ to NADH

Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

74
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Cloning, binary fission

Mitosis: budding, replacement cells, growth

Offspring identical

Less genetic diversity

Inheritance from one parent only

75
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Similar to parents, variations in traits

Inheritance of unique sets of genes from two parents

76
Q

Interphase

A

G1 -> growth, increase cytoplasm, DNA repair

S -> DNA replication & growth

G2 -> growth, DNA repair, preparation for division

77
Q

Mitotic (M) Phase

A

Mitosis=division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis=division of the cytoplasm

5 Stages:
Interphase -> chromosomes condense, mitotic spindles elongate
Prometaphase -> nuclear envelope disappears, spindle microtubules reach chromosomes, microtubules attach to centromeres of sister chromatids at kinetochore
Metaphase -> spindle fully formed, chromosomes align on metaphase plate, kinetochores face opposite poles of spindle
Anaphase -> chromatids separated, move towards opposite poles, microtubules attach to kinetochores & shorten, cell elongates
Telophase -> nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes unfold, microtubules disassemble
(Cytokinesis)

78
Q

Oncogenes

A

Proto-oncogenes normally promote cell division

Mutations to oncogenes -> enhance activity

79
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

Normally inhibit cell division

Mutations inactivate genes (uncontrolled division to occur)

80
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Body cells

Pairs of homologous chromosomes

One of each pair from each parent

81
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Same length

Same position of the centromere

Same loci

82
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

Only two chromosomes not matched in an identical pair

83
Q

Autosomes

A

All chromosome pairs that are not X and Y

84
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces chromosome number (copy once, divide twice)

85
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Separates homologous chromosomes

Chromosome number reduced by half

Haploid cells with replicated chromosomes

86
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Separates sister chromatids

Chromosome number stays the same

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

87
Q

Gregor Mendel - Advantages of Pea Plants

A

Controlled mating

Self fertilization

Observable, distinct characteristics

True breeding strains (self fertilization produces offspring identical to parent)

88
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Genes are found in alternate versions (alleles)

Organism inherits two alleles

If alleles differ, one determines the organisms’ appearance

GENES IN A PAIR SEGREGATE DURING MEIOSIS AND EACH SPERM OR EGG RECEIVES INLY OND MEMBER OF THE PAIR

89
Q

Test Cross

A

Determine genotype of individual with dominant phenotype by mating with homozygous recessive individual

90
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Each pair of alleles separates independently of all other pairs during gamete formation

Applies only to genes that are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome

Linked genes (near each other on the same chromosome) tend to be linked together

91
Q

Nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar

Phosphorus group

Nitrogen containing base

92
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A

S phase

93
Q

Origins of replication

A

Produce bubble

Proceeds in both directions from the origin

Ends when products from the bubbles merge with each other

94
Q

DNA Helicase

A

Unzips the DNA helix -> breaks hydrogen bonds between bases

95
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

Keep unpaired template strands apart during replication

96
Q

Polymerases

A

Place complementary nucleotides in fork

Adenine (A) with Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)

97
Q

Synthesis of DNA strands

A

Replication continuous on 3’ to 5’ template

Replication discontinuous on 5’ to 3’ template -> short segments

98
Q

Lagging strand

A

Daughter strand synthesized in pieces

Okazaki fragments

Joined by DNA ligase

99
Q

Leading strand

A

Daughter strand synthesized continuously

Requires formation of a single primer as the replication fork continues to separate

100
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

101
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

102
Q

Stages of Transcription

A

Initiation -> RNA polymerase binds to promoter, helix unwinds & transcription starts

Elongation -> RNA nucleotides added to chain

Termination -> RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence and detaches from template

BIO 106 (1 decks)

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