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Cultural Anthropology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Gender Studies

A

The study of how gender identities and expressions are shaped by and affect one’s life chances

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2
Q

Sex

A

 the culturally agreed upon physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction

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3
Q

Gender

A

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to different sexes

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4
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

 the phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species

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5
Q

Gender identity

A

Each person’s internal experience and understanding of their own gender

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6
Q

Gender expression

A

How a person expresses or presents themselves in relationship to gender, whether in their appearance, behavior, name or pronouns

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7
Q

Transgender

A

People whose gender identity and expression do not correspond with the biological sex category they were assigned at birth.

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8
Q

Cisgender

A

 people whose gender identity and expression correspond with the biological sex category they were assigned at birth

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9
Q

Cultural construction of gender

A

 the ways humans learn to perform and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context

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10
Q

Masculinity

A

The ideas and practices associated with manhood

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11
Q

Femininity

A

The ideas and practices associated with womanhood

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12
Q

Gender performance

A

The way gender identity is expressed through action

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13
Q

Intersex

A

The state of being born with a combination of male and female, genitalia, gonads and/or chromosomes

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14
Q

Gender stratification

A

An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a groups resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges

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15
Q

Gender stereotypes

A

Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture

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16
Q

Gender ideology

A

A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

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17
Q

Gender violence

A

Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved

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18
Q

Structural gender violence

A

Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power and basic resources, such as food, shelter and healthcare that differentially affect women in particular.

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19
Q

Sexuality

A

The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, and the cultural arena in which people debate what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural

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20
Q

Sex tourism

A

Travel usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourist and local residents and destinations around the world

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21
Q

Sex work

A

Labor through which one provides sexual services for money

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22
Q

Kinship

A

The system of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

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23
Q

Nuclear family

A

The kinship unit of mother, father and children

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24
Q

Descent groups

A

A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain consanguineal (blood) relatives.

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25
Q

Lineages

A

A type of descent group that traces genealogical connections through many generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

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26
Q

Clans

A

A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor, but lacking genealogical documentation

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27
Q

Patrilineal descent group

A

A kinship group in which membership passes to the next generation from father to son

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28
Q

Affinal relationships

A

A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance not through biology or common descent

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29
Q

Marriage

A

A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

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30
Q

Arranged marriage

A

Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

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31
Q

Companionate marriage

A

Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation

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32
Q

Polygyny

A

Marriage between one man and two or more women

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33
Q

Polyandry

A

Marriage between one woman and two or more men

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34
Q

Monogamy

A

A relationship between only two partners

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35
Q

Incest taboo

A

Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives

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36
Q

Exogamy

A

Marriage to someone outside the kinship group

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37
Q

Endogamy

A

Marriage to someone within the kinship group

38
Q

Bridewealth

A

The gift of goods or money from the grooms family to the brides family as part of the marriage process

39
Q

Dowry

A

The gifts of goods or money from the brides family to the grooms family as part of the marriage process

40
Q

Family of orientation

A

The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills

41
Q

Family of procreation

A

The family group created when one reproduces, and within which one rears children

42
Q

Class

A

A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a societies resources

43
Q

Stratification

A

The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture

44
Q

Egalitarian Society

A

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of violence or hierarchy

45
Q

Reciprocity

A

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equals status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

46
Q

Reciprocity

A

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equals status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

47
Q

Ranked societies

A

A group in which wealth is not stratified, but prestige and status are

48
Q

Redistribution

A

A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of a group and reallocated in a different pattern

49
Q

Potlatch

A

Elaborate redistribution ceremony practice among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest

50
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

51
Q

Means of protection

A

The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things

52
Q

Capital

A

Any assets employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth

53
Q

Proletariat

A

Marxian terms for the class of laborers who owns only their labor

54
Q

Prestige

A

The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups

55
Q

Life chances

A

An individuals opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals

56
Q

Social mobility

A

The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies

57
Q

Social reproduction

A

The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next

58
Q

Habitus

A

Bordieu’s term to describe the self perceptions, sensibilities, and taste developed in response to external influences over a lifetime that shapes ones conceptions of the world and where one fits in it.

59
Q

Cultural capital

A

The knowledge, habits, and taste learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society

60
Q

Intersectionality

A

An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.

61
Q

Income

A

What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rent and royalties.

62
Q

Wealth

A

The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt

63
Q

Caste

A

A system of stratification most prominently found in south Asia in which status is determined by birth

64
Q

Dalits

A

Member of India’s “lowest” caste; literally “broken people”. Also called “untouchables”

65
Q

Ascribed status

A

A status assigned, usually at birth

66
Q

Achieved status

A

A status acquired during one’s lifetime

67
Q

Band

A

A small kinship based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory

68
Q

Chiefdom

A

An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief

69
Q

State

A

On autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory.

70
Q

Civil Society organizations

A

A local non-governmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for its local community. (NGOs)

71
Q

Militarization

A

The contested social process through which a civil Society organizes for the production of military violence

72
Q

Agency

A

The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power.

73
Q

Social movements

A

Collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies

74
Q

Religion

A

A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be, and how life ought to be lived, often, though not always focused on a supernatural power and lived out in the community.

75
Q

Martyr

A

A person who sacrifices their life for the sake of religion

76
Q

Martyr

A

A person who sacrifices their life for the sake of religion

77
Q

Martyr

A

A person who sacrifices their life for the sake of religion

78
Q

Saint

A

An individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is exalted after death

79
Q

Sacred

A

Anything that is considered holy

80
Q

Profane

A

Anything that is considered unholy

81
Q

Ritual

A

An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embodies the beliefs of a group of people and creates a sense of continuity and belonging.

82
Q

Rite of passage

A

A category of ritual that impacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group.

83
Q

Liminality

A

One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsider hood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, present, and future community.

84
Q

Communitas

A

A sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes the good life, and a commitment to take social action towards achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage.

85
Q

Pilgrimage

A

A religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment

86
Q

Secular

A

Without religious or spiritual basis

87
Q

Shamans

A

Local religious practitioners with abilities to connect individuals with supernatural power or beings to provide special knowledge and power for healing, guidance, and wisdom.

88
Q

Magic

A

The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions, and an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or evil.

89
Q

Symbol

A

Anything that represents something else

90
Q

Authorizing processes

A

The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning

Cultural Anthropology (1 decks)

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