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HLS 510 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Stafford Act (1988)

A

Emergency Assistance Act. The Stafford Act marked the beginning
of the modern-era national disaster management. IT gave the President broad powers
to issue major disaster or emergency declaration

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2
Q

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

A

Amended Stafford Act of 1988 and gave
FEMA authority to establish a program of
technical and financial assistance for predisaster mitigation to state and local governments. Encouraged local governments to put
measures in place to reduce or eliminate risk
to people and property from hazards and
their effects.

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3
Q

9/11 Commission & RC

A
  • (Inadequate communications interoperability)
    greatly impeded the ability of response
    agencies toeffectively accomplish
    missions…
  • Leading to a larger number of deaths
    among LE and FD personnel.
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4
Q

Risk/Crisis Communications- Mission

A
  • To provide timely and accurate information during all four phases of EM:
  • Mitigation- share and promote implementation of strategies, technology, and actions
    that will reduce loss of life
  • Preparedness - to communicate preparedness messages that encourage and educate the
    public in anticipation of disaster events
  • Response - provide public alerts/notification, warning of
    evacuations, and situation reports
  • Recovery - provide communities with information on how to find help and register for
    disaster relief
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5
Q

Risk/Crisis Communications Strategy

A

Based on Five Critical Elements:
1. Customer Focus
2. Commitment from Leadership
3. Communications must be included in Emergency Planning &
Operations
4. Situational Awareness
5. Develop a media partnership

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6
Q

Public Education
&
Communications

A
  • Is recognized as the
    essential core to effective
    communication of risk to the public.
  • An educated public means a public that
    understands where to get quality
    information; understands issues involved
  • Always work to inform & educate
    the public as to the risks that face
    them, and what they can do about
    each one.
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7
Q

Disaster (Risk) Communications Background

A
  1. In the mid-1980s Disaster
    Communications (aka
    “Risk Communications”)
    became recognized as a
    necessary component in
    risk management and
    community decisionmaking
  2. During that time, the
    Nation faced mounting
    concern over toxic
    wastes, nuclear power
    plants, and hazardous
    materials.
    3.Since the first national
    conference on risk
    communication in 1986,
    the RC field has matured
    and gained greater interest
    and attention among
    agencies, policymakers,
    the media, and the public.
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8
Q

RC Challenges

A
  • A key communication barrier is the term “risk” itself,
    how it’s measured, described, and ultimately
    perceived.
  • Interested parties perceive risk
    differently, & people don’t
    believe that all risks are of the
    same type, size, or importance.
    Challenges
  • Scientific information will be more useful to the
    audience & greater communication success will be
    achieved ifthe information provided is relevant and
    easily understood.
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9
Q

NRF five key principles

A
  1. Engaged partnerships: Leaders develop shared
    response goals and align capabilities.
  2. Tiered response: incidents are handled at the
    lowest possible jurisdictional level and
    supported by additional capabilities only when
    needed.
  3. Scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational
    capabilities: implemented as incidents change
    in size, scope, and complexity, so that the
    response to an incident or complex of incidents
    adapts to meet the requirements under
    ICS/NIMS management by objectives.
  4. Unity of effort through unified command:
    ICS/NIMS respect for each participating
    organization’s chain of command with an
    emphasis on seamless coordination across
    jurisdictions in support of common objectives.
  5. Readiness to Act: collective duty to provide the
    best response possible. From individuals,
    households, and communities to local, tribal,
    State, and Federal governments, national
    response depends on our readiness to act.
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10
Q

NRF

A

The NRF is a guide that details how the
Nation conducts all-hazards response – from
the smallest incident to the largest
catastrophe using the ICS and NIMS, based
on HSPD 5 and HSPD 8.

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11
Q

HSPD-8- National Preparedness

A
  • establishes policies that strengthen the preparedness (ability) of the U.S.
    to prevent and respond to threatened or actual domestic terrorist attacks, major
    disasters, and other emergencies by:
  • Requiring a national domestic all-hazards preparedness goal, establishing
    mechanisms for improved delivery of Federal preparedness assistance to State
    and local governments,
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12
Q

HSPD 5- Management of Domestic Incidents

A

Enhances the ability of the
United States to manage
domestic incidents by
establishing a single,
comprehensive national
incident management system
(NIMS).
DHS is required to coordinate
with federal, state and tribal
gov’s to establish a
NRP/NRF and a NIMS.

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13
Q

The National
Preparedness Goal
(NPG)

A
  • The NPG utilizes a Capabilities-Based
    Planning approach: planning, under
    uncertainty, to provide capabilities
    suitable for a wide range of threats and
    hazards, within an economic framework
    that necessitates prioritization and choice.
  • Capabilities-Based Planning addresses
    uncertainty by analyzing a wide range
    of possible scenarios to identify
    required capabilities.
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14
Q

NIMS

A
  • Provides framework for incident
    management at all jurisdictional levels regardless of the
    complexity, cause or size of the incident.
  • builds on the Incident Command System (ICS) to
    provide first responders and authorities a common platform
    for natural or synthetic hazards.
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15
Q

ESF

A

The Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) in the NRF provide the
structure for coordinating inter-agency support for a Federal response
to an incident.

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16
Q

ICS Command Staff

A

Incident Commander, the Public Information Officer, the Safety Officer and the Liaison Officer –

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17
Q

ICS Functional Areas

A

Command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance.

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18
Q

Incident Command System (ICS)

A
  • is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazards
    incident management approach that:
  • Allows for the integration of facilities, equipment,
    personnel, procedures, and communications
    operating within a common organizational
    structure.
  • Enables a coordinated response among various
    jurisdictions and functional agencies, both public
    and private.
  • Establishes common processes for planning and
    managing resources.
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19
Q

ICS 14 features

A
  • Common Terminology
  • Integrated Communications
  • Modular Organization
  • Establishment and Transfer of Command
  • Management by Objectives - Unified Command
  • Incident Action Planning
  • Chain of Command & Unity of Command
  • Manageable Span of Control
  • Accountability
  • Incident Facilities and Locations
  • Dispatch/Deployment
  • Comprehensive Resource
    Management
  • Information and Intelligence Management
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20
Q

National Operations Center (NOC)

A
  • decides whether or not to initiate coordination of
    federal info sharing and IM activities.
  • If the incident evolves into an Incident of National Significance (INS),
    the NOC will notify the secretary of the DHS.
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21
Q

Terrorism

A

“It is ideologically, or politically
motivated violence directed against
civilian targets.”

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22
Q

Terrorism involves

A
  • The use or threat of extraordinary violence
  • Using goal-directed or rational behavior
  • With the intent to produce a psychological impact
    broader than immediate victims, and
  • Choosing victims for their symbolic, rather than
    their instrumental value.
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23
Q

Preparedness Against Domestic Terrorism Act (2001):

A

amended the Stafford Act by now
including acts of terrorism within the major disaster category

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24
Q

September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF) (2001)

A

Established by Congress to pay claims (“loss” in addition to “needs”) of injured survivors and claims of family members
of those who perished in the disaster

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25
Q

Homeland Security Exercise & Evaluation Program
(HSEEP)

A

Federal program to provide guidance &
standardization of emergency management exercise
efforts, and a framework for integration with NIMS
precepts.

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26
Q

Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS):

A

A national, online network of lessons learned, best
practices, and innovative ideas across all functional areas
for the emergency management & homeland security
communities.

27
Q

Early Legislative

A
  • President Clinton signed Presidential Decision
    Directive 39 (PDD-39) in 1995.
  • PDD-39 initially assigned lead responsibility for
    “Crisis Management” to the DoD (military)
    This responsibility was transferred & remains with the
    FBI since fall of 1998.
28
Q

U.S Army Corps of Engineers

A
  • Formed in 1802 , to build, own, maintain, and
    manage a vast array of public infrastructure inside
    the U.
29
Q

HS Programs and Local EM

A
  • Several federal HS programs have entered the world of
    state and local government since 9/11, and do impact
    EM:
  • NTAS (National Terrorism Advisory System)
  • UASI (Urban Area Security Initiative)
  • HSGP (Homeland Security Grant Program)
  • EMPG (Emergency Management Planning Grant)
  • MMRS (Metropolitan Medical Response System)
30
Q

NORTHCOM

A
  • The DoD’s Northern Command (dual-hatted with NORAD)
  • Established in 2002 to “orchestrate the operational aspects of military/defense
    support to civil authorities in all its forms.”
31
Q

Presidential Powers

A
  • Presidents can use DoD resources as they see fit to address
    any event considered of “unique Federal importance”.
  • Article IV, Sect 4, U.S. Constitution
    -The Civil Defense Act of 1950
  • The National Emergencies Act of 2002
  • National emergency can be declared for one year
  • Can be terminated or extended by Congres
32
Q

The Role of Department of Defense
(DoD) in Law Enforcement

A
  • In the 1980’s, laws were passed to allow DoD forces a greater role in
    drug interdiction and border security.
  • In the 1990’s, after the Oklahoma City bombing, DoD troops were
    given an expanded role in responding to WMD attacks.
  • After 9/11, the military was given even greater powers in terrorism
    prevention and response, including anti-bioterrorism.
  • Active-duty military can play a supporting role, providing resources
    and technical support during disaster response.
33
Q

Posse Comitatus

A
  • Literally – “power of the county”
    -1878 law passed during the Reconstruction following the Civil War
  • Prohibits the military from enforcing civilian laws inside the U.S
34
Q

Exceptions to the Posse Comitatus Act

A
  • National Guard forces operating under the state governor’s authority
  • to quell domestic violence,
    federal troops can be exempt from the prohibitions of Posse Comitatus Act
    (active-duty military and federalized NG troops).
  • Congress added a “drug exception
35
Q

Civil-Military Relations
& EM

A
  • In the 1990’s, FEMA handled national security
    matters under the umbrella of “all-hazards”
    approach to EM
  • Today, more “top-down” coordination &
    support of state and local governments; with
    program oversight and grants from DHS
36
Q

US Coast Guard

A
  • Works for DHS today
  • Therefore, USCG personnel can enforce civil laws and
    make arrests
37
Q

CARVER Technique

A
  • Used after 2005 to evaluate critical infrastructure under the UASI
    program
  • Criticality – overall importance of target
  • Accessibility – How easily can it be reached
  • Recoverability – How long to replace/repair
  • Vulnerability – How susceptible to attack
  • Effect – impact of the public’s confidence
  • Recognizability – How easily can it be identified
38
Q

Types of
Vulnerability
to Disasters

A
  • Physical Vulnerability
  • Environmental Vulnerability
  • Economic Vulnerability
  • Social Vulnerability
39
Q

Physical Vulnerability

A
  • Poor design and construction
    of buildings
  • Unregulated land use planning
  • Lack of building codes
40
Q

Environmental
Vulnerability

A
  • Environmental degradation (e.g., deforestation)
  • Poor environmental management
  • Overconsumption of natural resources
  • Climate change
41
Q

Economic
Vulnerability

A
  • Vulnerable rural livelihoods
  • Dependence on single industries
  • Globalization of business and
    supply chains
42
Q

Complex Humanitarian Emergency

A
  • Result of a combination of factors directly related to war and
    insecurity
43
Q

Global EM Challenges

A

Global EM Challenges
- Changing demographic
- Technological & socio-economic
conditions
- Unplanned urbanization
- Development within high-risk zones
- Under-development
- Environmental degradation
- Climate change
- Competition for scarce resources
- Impact of epidemics

44
Q

Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)

A
  • Office within USAID responsible for facilitating and coordinating U.S. emergency
    assistance overseas.
  • OFDA responds to all types of natural disasters, including:
  • Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, droughts, fires, pest infestations, and
    disease outbreaks.
  • Provides assistance when lives or livelihoods are threatened by catastrophes such as
    civil conflict, acts of terrorism, or industrial accidents.
  • Promotes mitigation activities to reduce the impact of recurrent natural hazards
    and provides training to build local capacity for disaster management and response.
45
Q

United States Agency for International
Development (USAID)

A
  • An independent agency that provides economic
    development and humanitarian assistance around the world
    in support of the foreign policy goals of the US.
  • Three premises:
    1. America’s current foreign aid programs were largely
    unsatisfactory.
    2. Economic collapse of developing countries would be
    disastrous to our national security.
    3. The 1960s presented an historic opport
46
Q

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

A
  • is the
    world’s largest humanitarian network, with a presence and activities
    in almost every country.
  • The Seville Agreement (1997) - allowed international cooperation
    during major natural disasters.
47
Q

United Nations Children’s Fund

A
  • Created 1946 to help feed starving children in war-ravaged
    Europe
  • Main focus areas today:
  • Child survival & development
  • Basic education & gender equality
  • HIV / AIDS & children
  • Child protection
  • Policy advocacy & partnerships
  • UNICEF: Responding to 483 new and ongoing humanitarian
    crises in 153 countries in 2021, compared with 455 in 153
    countries in 2020.
48
Q

The Center for International Disaster
Information (CIDI)

A
  • Guides and informs the
    public, community groups, foreign embassies,
    nonprofits, corporations, and government
    officials on how to best help international
    disaster relief efforts through appropriate
    response.
49
Q

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA)

A
  • OCHA established in 1998 to coordinate international humanitarian
    emergency response
  • The mission of OCHA is to mobilize and coordinate effective and
    principled humanitarian action in partnership with national and
    international actors in order to:
  • Alleviate human suffering in disasters and emergencies
  • Advocate for the rights of people in need
  • Promote preparedness and prevention
  • Facilitate sustainable solutions.
50
Q

U.S. Domestic Disaster Relief vs. U.S.
International Relief System- Differences

A
  • FEMA’s mission is to protect American’s in time of disaster
  • FEMA and individual U.S. states have good working relationship with Federal government
  • USAID-OFDA activates upon request of an ambassador or chief of mission
51
Q

U.S. Domestic Disaster Relief vs. U.S.
International Relief System- Similarities

A
  • Both must have large-scale disasters to warrant governmental involvement
  • Both have an “all-hazards” approach
52
Q

International Disaster Management

A
  • Several times each year, the response requirements of disaster events
    exceed a single nation’s or several nations’ disaster management abilities.
  • In these instances, the governments of the affected countries call upon
    the resources of the international response community.
  • This cooperative international response is, by definition, international
    disaster management.
53
Q

Lessons Learned in EM

A
  1. Maintain an all-hazards approach
    to emergency management.
  2. The federal response
    infrastructure, based on the FRP
    and the NRF, works.
  3. Continue to practice the
    concepts that made the U.S. EM
    system the best in the world.
  4. Make mitigation the focus of EM
    in the U.S.
54
Q

Risk Management Philosophy

A
  • A radical departure
  • Requires rigorous analysis
  • Includes acceptance of
    a level of failure
  • Strategies to manage Risk:
  • Transfer (insurance)
  • Avoid (land use planning)
  • Reduce (buyouts)
  • Accept (levees)
55
Q

Fragmented Government Responsibility

A

U.S. has highly decentralized system of government

56
Q

Vertical fragmentation

A
  • When Federal, state, and local officials fail to coordinate their respective actions with
    one another. “Tightly coupled interdependence”.
  • (Ex. Tree pruning by city utility company in Ohio caused blackout to entire NE
    section of U.S. in 2004)
57
Q

Horizontal fragmentation

A
  • Multitude of competing agencies with overlapping jurisdictions at each level of
    government.
  • (Ex. Reduced by MOUs, Mutual Assistance Agreements)
58
Q

Role of DoD & the Military

A
  • DoD’s Office of Peacekeeping and
    Humanitarian Affairs coordinates U.S.
    military response to disasters beyond
    America’s borders.
  • Fields requests from USAID-OFDA
  • Calls the mission: “Foreign Humanitarian
    Assistance”
59
Q

Refugee vs. Internally Displaced Person (I.D.P.)

A

Refugee: forced migrant that is able to leave their country to seek asylum abroad
- “Protected” by a set of universally accepted laws that offer them a considerable degree
of protection
- More than 10 million refugees throughout the world
- Internally Displaced Person: forced migrant that is unable to or unwilling to cross national
borders
- Over 25 million internally displaced people in at least 50 countries throughout the
world

60
Q

Martial Law

A
  • A last resort of desperation, when the civil government in a disaster
    zone has failed completely, and Federal troops need to be called in
    to protect life and property and maintain civil order.
  • The exercise of Government and Control by military authorities over the civilian
    population of a designated territory…implies some use of military force & suspension
    of some civil liberties
61
Q

Humanitarian Relief Organizations Challenges

A
  • Protecting the lives of
    humanitarian workers
  • Accessing the affected
    populations
  • Coordinating the large
    scale,multi-faceted humanitarian
    assistance
62
Q

Humanitarian Crisis

A
  • Combination of consequences of a hazard and severely diminished
    coping mechanisms of an affected population or government.
  • Health and life of a very large population is threatened
  • Characteristics include the mass incidence of:
  • Starvation / Malnutrition
  • Disease
  • Insecurity
  • Lack of shelter (exposure)
  • A steadily growing number of victims
63
Q
A

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