FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
Stafford Act (1988)
A
Emergency Assistance Act. The Stafford Act marked the beginning
of the modern-era national disaster management. IT gave the President broad powers
to issue major disaster or emergency declaration
2
Q
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
A
Amended Stafford Act of 1988 and gave
FEMA authority to establish a program of
technical and financial assistance for predisaster mitigation to state and local governments. Encouraged local governments to put
measures in place to reduce or eliminate risk
to people and property from hazards and
their effects.
3
Q
9/11 Commission & RC
A
- (Inadequate communications interoperability)
greatly impeded the ability of response
agencies toeffectively accomplish
missions… - Leading to a larger number of deaths
among LE and FD personnel.
4
Q
Risk/Crisis Communications- Mission
A
- To provide timely and accurate information during all four phases of EM:
- Mitigation- share and promote implementation of strategies, technology, and actions
that will reduce loss of life - Preparedness - to communicate preparedness messages that encourage and educate the
public in anticipation of disaster events - Response - provide public alerts/notification, warning of
evacuations, and situation reports - Recovery - provide communities with information on how to find help and register for
disaster relief
5
Q
Risk/Crisis Communications Strategy
A
Based on Five Critical Elements:
1. Customer Focus
2. Commitment from Leadership
3. Communications must be included in Emergency Planning &
Operations
4. Situational Awareness
5. Develop a media partnership
6
Q
Public Education
&
Communications
A
- Is recognized as the
essential core to effective
communication of risk to the public. - An educated public means a public that
understands where to get quality
information; understands issues involved - Always work to inform & educate
the public as to the risks that face
them, and what they can do about
each one.
7
Q
Disaster (Risk) Communications Background
A
- In the mid-1980s Disaster
Communications (aka
“Risk Communications”)
became recognized as a
necessary component in
risk management and
community decisionmaking - During that time, the
Nation faced mounting
concern over toxic
wastes, nuclear power
plants, and hazardous
materials.
3.Since the first national
conference on risk
communication in 1986,
the RC field has matured
and gained greater interest
and attention among
agencies, policymakers,
the media, and the public.
8
Q
RC Challenges
A
- A key communication barrier is the term “risk” itself,
how it’s measured, described, and ultimately
perceived. - Interested parties perceive risk
differently, & people don’t
believe that all risks are of the
same type, size, or importance.
Challenges - Scientific information will be more useful to the
audience & greater communication success will be
achieved ifthe information provided is relevant and
easily understood.
9
Q
NRF five key principles
A
- Engaged partnerships: Leaders develop shared
response goals and align capabilities. - Tiered response: incidents are handled at the
lowest possible jurisdictional level and
supported by additional capabilities only when
needed. - Scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational
capabilities: implemented as incidents change
in size, scope, and complexity, so that the
response to an incident or complex of incidents
adapts to meet the requirements under
ICS/NIMS management by objectives. - Unity of effort through unified command:
ICS/NIMS respect for each participating
organization’s chain of command with an
emphasis on seamless coordination across
jurisdictions in support of common objectives. - Readiness to Act: collective duty to provide the
best response possible. From individuals,
households, and communities to local, tribal,
State, and Federal governments, national
response depends on our readiness to act.
10
Q
NRF
A
The NRF is a guide that details how the
Nation conducts all-hazards response – from
the smallest incident to the largest
catastrophe using the ICS and NIMS, based
on HSPD 5 and HSPD 8.
11
Q
HSPD-8- National Preparedness
A
- establishes policies that strengthen the preparedness (ability) of the U.S.
to prevent and respond to threatened or actual domestic terrorist attacks, major
disasters, and other emergencies by: - Requiring a national domestic all-hazards preparedness goal, establishing
mechanisms for improved delivery of Federal preparedness assistance to State
and local governments,
12
Q
HSPD 5- Management of Domestic Incidents
A
Enhances the ability of the
United States to manage
domestic incidents by
establishing a single,
comprehensive national
incident management system
(NIMS).
DHS is required to coordinate
with federal, state and tribal
gov’s to establish a
NRP/NRF and a NIMS.
13
Q
The National
Preparedness Goal
(NPG)
A
- The NPG utilizes a Capabilities-Based
Planning approach: planning, under
uncertainty, to provide capabilities
suitable for a wide range of threats and
hazards, within an economic framework
that necessitates prioritization and choice. - Capabilities-Based Planning addresses
uncertainty by analyzing a wide range
of possible scenarios to identify
required capabilities.
14
Q
NIMS
A
- Provides framework for incident
management at all jurisdictional levels regardless of the
complexity, cause or size of the incident. - builds on the Incident Command System (ICS) to
provide first responders and authorities a common platform
for natural or synthetic hazards.
15
Q
ESF
A
The Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) in the NRF provide the
structure for coordinating inter-agency support for a Federal response
to an incident.
16
Q
ICS Command Staff
A
Incident Commander, the Public Information Officer, the Safety Officer and the Liaison Officer –
17
Q
ICS Functional Areas
A
Command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance.
18
Q
Incident Command System (ICS)
A
- is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazards
incident management approach that: - Allows for the integration of facilities, equipment,
personnel, procedures, and communications
operating within a common organizational
structure. - Enables a coordinated response among various
jurisdictions and functional agencies, both public
and private. - Establishes common processes for planning and
managing resources.
19
Q
ICS 14 features
A
- Common Terminology
- Integrated Communications
- Modular Organization
- Establishment and Transfer of Command
- Management by Objectives - Unified Command
- Incident Action Planning
- Chain of Command & Unity of Command
- Manageable Span of Control
- Accountability
- Incident Facilities and Locations
- Dispatch/Deployment
- Comprehensive Resource
Management - Information and Intelligence Management
20
Q
National Operations Center (NOC)
A
- decides whether or not to initiate coordination of
federal info sharing and IM activities. - If the incident evolves into an Incident of National Significance (INS),
the NOC will notify the secretary of the DHS.
21
Q
Terrorism
A
“It is ideologically, or politically
motivated violence directed against
civilian targets.”
22
Q
Terrorism involves
A
- The use or threat of extraordinary violence
- Using goal-directed or rational behavior
- With the intent to produce a psychological impact
broader than immediate victims, and - Choosing victims for their symbolic, rather than
their instrumental value.
23
Q
Preparedness Against Domestic Terrorism Act (2001):
A
amended the Stafford Act by now
including acts of terrorism within the major disaster category
24
Q
September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF) (2001)
A
Established by Congress to pay claims (“loss” in addition to “needs”) of injured survivors and claims of family members
of those who perished in the disaster
25
Homeland Security Exercise & Evaluation Program
(HSEEP)
Federal program to provide guidance &
standardization of emergency management exercise
efforts, and a framework for integration with NIMS
precepts.
26
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS):
A national, online network of lessons learned, best
practices, and innovative ideas across all functional areas
for the emergency management & homeland security
communities.
27
Early Legislative
- President Clinton signed Presidential Decision
Directive 39 (PDD-39) in 1995.
- PDD-39 initially assigned lead responsibility for
“Crisis Management” to the DoD (military)
This responsibility was transferred & remains with the
FBI since fall of 1998.
28
U.S Army Corps of Engineers
- Formed in 1802 , to build, own, maintain, and
manage a vast array of public infrastructure inside
the U.
29
HS Programs and Local EM
- Several federal HS programs have entered the world of
state and local government since 9/11, and do impact
EM:
- NTAS (National Terrorism Advisory System)
- UASI (Urban Area Security Initiative)
- HSGP (Homeland Security Grant Program)
- EMPG (Emergency Management Planning Grant)
- MMRS (Metropolitan Medical Response System)
30
NORTHCOM
- The DoD’s Northern Command (dual-hatted with NORAD)
- Established in 2002 to “orchestrate the operational aspects of military/defense
support to civil authorities in all its forms.”
31
Presidential Powers
- Presidents can use DoD resources as they see fit to address
any event considered of “unique Federal importance”.
- Article IV, Sect 4, U.S. Constitution
-The Civil Defense Act of 1950
- The National Emergencies Act of 2002
- National emergency can be declared for one year
- Can be terminated or extended by Congres
32
The Role of Department of Defense
(DoD) in Law Enforcement
- In the 1980’s, laws were passed to allow DoD forces a greater role in
drug interdiction and border security.
- In the 1990’s, after the Oklahoma City bombing, DoD troops were
given an expanded role in responding to WMD attacks.
- After 9/11, the military was given even greater powers in terrorism
prevention and response, including anti-bioterrorism.
- Active-duty military can play a supporting role, providing resources
and technical support during disaster response.
33
Posse Comitatus
- Literally – “power of the county”
-1878 law passed during the Reconstruction following the Civil War
- Prohibits the military from enforcing civilian laws inside the U.S
34
Exceptions to the Posse Comitatus Act
- National Guard forces operating under the state governor’s authority
- to quell domestic violence,
federal troops can be exempt from the prohibitions of Posse Comitatus Act
(active-duty military and federalized NG troops).
- Congress added a “drug exception
35
Civil-Military Relations
& EM
- In the 1990’s, FEMA handled national security
matters under the umbrella of “all-hazards”
approach to EM
- Today, more “top-down” coordination &
support of state and local governments; with
program oversight and grants from DHS
36
US Coast Guard
- Works for DHS today
- Therefore, USCG personnel can enforce civil laws and
make arrests
37
CARVER Technique
- Used after 2005 to evaluate critical infrastructure under the UASI
program
- Criticality – overall importance of target
- Accessibility – How easily can it be reached
- Recoverability – How long to replace/repair
- Vulnerability – How susceptible to attack
- Effect – impact of the public’s confidence
- Recognizability – How easily can it be identified
38
Types of
Vulnerability
to Disasters
- Physical Vulnerability
- Environmental Vulnerability
- Economic Vulnerability
- Social Vulnerability
39
Physical Vulnerability
- Poor design and construction
of buildings
- Unregulated land use planning
- Lack of building codes
40
Environmental
Vulnerability
- Environmental degradation (e.g., deforestation)
- Poor environmental management
- Overconsumption of natural resources
- Climate change
41
Economic
Vulnerability
- Vulnerable rural livelihoods
- Dependence on single industries
- Globalization of business and
supply chains
42
Complex Humanitarian Emergency
- Result of a combination of factors directly related to war and
insecurity
43
Global EM Challenges
Global EM Challenges
- Changing demographic
- Technological & socio-economic
conditions
- Unplanned urbanization
- Development within high-risk zones
- Under-development
- Environmental degradation
- Climate change
- Competition for scarce resources
- Impact of epidemics
44
Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)
- Office within USAID responsible for facilitating and coordinating U.S. emergency
assistance overseas.
- OFDA responds to all types of natural disasters, including:
* Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, droughts, fires, pest infestations, and
disease outbreaks.
- Provides assistance when lives or livelihoods are threatened by catastrophes such as
civil conflict, acts of terrorism, or industrial accidents.
- Promotes mitigation activities to reduce the impact of recurrent natural hazards
and provides training to build local capacity for disaster management and response.
45
United States Agency for International
Development (USAID)
- An independent agency that provides economic
development and humanitarian assistance around the world
in support of the foreign policy goals of the US.
- Three premises:
1. America's current foreign aid programs were largely
unsatisfactory.
2. Economic collapse of developing countries would be
disastrous to our national security.
3. The 1960s presented an historic opport
46
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- is the
world's largest humanitarian network, with a presence and activities
in almost every country.
- The Seville Agreement (1997) - allowed international cooperation
during major natural disasters.
47
United Nations Children’s Fund
- Created 1946 to help feed starving children in war-ravaged
Europe
- Main focus areas today:
- Child survival & development
- Basic education & gender equality
- HIV / AIDS & children
- Child protection
- Policy advocacy & partnerships
- UNICEF: Responding to 483 new and ongoing humanitarian
crises in 153 countries in 2021, compared with 455 in 153
countries in 2020.
48
The Center for International Disaster
Information (CIDI)
- Guides and informs the
public, community groups, foreign embassies,
nonprofits, corporations, and government
officials on how to best help international
disaster relief efforts through appropriate
response.
49
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA)
- OCHA established in 1998 to coordinate international humanitarian
emergency response
- The mission of OCHA is to mobilize and coordinate effective and
principled humanitarian action in partnership with national and
international actors in order to:
- Alleviate human suffering in disasters and emergencies
- Advocate for the rights of people in need
- Promote preparedness and prevention
- Facilitate sustainable solutions.
50
U.S. Domestic Disaster Relief vs. U.S.
International Relief System- Differences
- FEMA’s mission is to protect American’s in time of disaster
- FEMA and individual U.S. states have good working relationship with Federal government
- USAID-OFDA activates upon request of an ambassador or chief of mission
51
U.S. Domestic Disaster Relief vs. U.S.
International Relief System- Similarities
- Both must have large-scale disasters to warrant governmental involvement
- Both have an “all-hazards” approach
52
International Disaster Management
- Several times each year, the response requirements of disaster events
exceed a single nation’s or several nations’ disaster management abilities.
- In these instances, the governments of the affected countries call upon
the resources of the international response community.
- This cooperative international response is, by definition, international
disaster management.
53
Lessons Learned in EM
1. Maintain an all-hazards approach
to emergency management.
2. The federal response
infrastructure, based on the FRP
and the NRF, works.
3. Continue to practice the
concepts that made the U.S. EM
system the best in the world.
4. Make mitigation the focus of EM
in the U.S.
54
Risk Management Philosophy
- A radical departure
- Requires rigorous analysis
- Includes acceptance of
a level of failure
- Strategies to manage Risk:
- Transfer (insurance)
- Avoid (land use planning)
- Reduce (buyouts)
- Accept (levees)
55
Fragmented Government Responsibility
U.S. has highly decentralized system of government
56
Vertical fragmentation
- When Federal, state, and local officials fail to coordinate their respective actions with
one another. “Tightly coupled interdependence”.
- (Ex. Tree pruning by city utility company in Ohio caused blackout to entire NE
section of U.S. in 2004)
57
Horizontal fragmentation
- Multitude of competing agencies with overlapping jurisdictions at each level of
government.
- (Ex. Reduced by MOUs, Mutual Assistance Agreements)
58
Role of DoD & the Military
- DoD’s Office of Peacekeeping and
Humanitarian Affairs coordinates U.S.
military response to disasters beyond
America’s borders.
- Fields requests from USAID-OFDA
- Calls the mission: “Foreign Humanitarian
Assistance”
59
Refugee vs. Internally Displaced Person (I.D.P.)
Refugee: forced migrant that is able to leave their country to seek asylum abroad
- “Protected” by a set of universally accepted laws that offer them a considerable degree
of protection
- More than 10 million refugees throughout the world
- Internally Displaced Person: forced migrant that is unable to or unwilling to cross national
borders
- Over 25 million internally displaced people in at least 50 countries throughout the
world
60
Martial Law
- A last resort of desperation, when the civil government in a disaster
zone has failed completely, and Federal troops need to be called in
to protect life and property and maintain civil order.
- The exercise of Government and Control by military authorities over the civilian
population of a designated territory…implies some use of military force & suspension
of some civil liberties
61
Humanitarian Relief Organizations Challenges
- Protecting the lives of
humanitarian workers
- Accessing the affected
populations
- Coordinating the large
scale,multi-faceted humanitarian
assistance
62
Humanitarian Crisis
- Combination of consequences of a hazard and severely diminished
coping mechanisms of an affected population or government.
- Health and life of a very large population is threatened
- Characteristics include the mass incidence of:
- Starvation / Malnutrition
- Disease
- Insecurity
- Lack of shelter (exposure)
- A steadily growing number of victims
63
