Final Exam Flashcards
_____ is the maximum amount of loudness of a sound heard before causing pain
threshold
________ is the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
synapse
Which of the following is true about AP?
Action potential is electrochemical process involving sodium and potassium
______ is a systematic way of studying/categorizing the stimulus that is sensed. It is way to research and have equations to tie to the physical world.
Sensation
The ease of a mom being able to tell the difference between a crying baby and her crying baby is an example of
Sensitivity
Which of the following cranial nerves are dedicated to sensory information
All answers are correct
_______ is the functioning of our sensory system
Dr. Jones, a radiologist, is trying to read mammograms. He can detect cancer from other abnormalities of the mammogram. he is using:
Signal Detection theory
The _____ is used to determine when you can hear a sound or not when doing a hearing test
criterion
The founder of psychophysics is:
Gastav Fechner
Giving meaning to someone touching our shoulder.
perception
Retronasal olfactory sensation is best described as:
When we sense the smell of our pizza while chewing it.
Taste buds are located on:
papillae
Supertasters have more of ____ papillae
fungiform
We are born to like chili peppers
False
According to the textbook, does holding my nose while eating sour sauerkraut decreasing the strength of the taste?
yes, holding one’s nose helps decrease the flavor
_____– slender projections of the cell membrane on the tips of some taste bud cells
microvilli
According to the textbook, we are hardwired to like or dislike the main basic tastes
true
Non-taster have a higher incidence of drinking alcohol and smoking
true
________ is the branch cranial nerve is responsible for caring information from taste receptors to the brain
chorda tympani
Which of the following are the main categories of taste?
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami
Taste buds are located only on the tongue
false
Which of the following statements best describe current research on taste maps
Taste varies among individuals, but there are concentrations of certain taste receptors on the tongue
Sensations evoked by solutions in the mouth that contact the receptors on the tongue, and the roof of the mouth is called
taste
Which of the following is the basic pathway of taste?
The sensation of taste starts on the taste buds to the papillae, to the cranial nerves (IV, IX, X) to the thalamus to primary taste cortex
There is no scientific evidence for pharmacological effects of odors for humans
true
At what age does our smell start to decline?
50s
Humans rely on pheromones as strongly as other animals
false
Rosa does not notice her house smell smells like wet dog. However, when I go into the house, it is the first thing I smell. What term best describes Rosa not smelling it?
cognitive habituation
When does those with Parkinson’s start to lose their smell?
years before the person shows other symptoms
Which of the following animals are good at smelling according to the textbook
All are correct
The smell of a rotten egg is a _____; sulfur is the _________
odor;odorant
The process of smelling is called:
olfaction
In general, the textbook states that ______ are better at smell than _____
females; males
If the cribriform plate is fractured, anosmia can occur.
true
Which of the following is true concerning the olfactory epithelium
The textbook mentions it is like the retina of the nose
Contains 3 different types of cells.
The olfactory cleft is where ______ is located
olfactory epithelium
The process of smelling what part of the olfactory system where the odorants first come into contact
olfactory epithelium
olfaction has a direct connection to the limbic system
true
Which of the following is most accurate and describing the pathway of smell?
Smell starts in the mucus of the olfactory epithelium on the cilia to the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex
________ the process occurs when we smell a flower
Orthonasal olfaction
Dogs have ______ times more olfactory sensory neurons than humans
100
Social touch has feelings, connected to it, based purely on a social construct
false
Amputees often report feeling sensations in their phantom, arms and hands when _________ was touched
face
Which receptors are most likely activated if you get stung by wasp
nociceptors
Choose all the characteristics of two point touch threshold mentioned by the textbook
It is smallest separation at which we can tell that we’re being touchedby two points
It is comparative to the visual acuity of the eyes
Although I have my eyes shut, I know that my feet are hanging off the bed. Which of the following terms best describes my perception
kinesthesia
______ pathway carries most of the information from Thermoreceptors and nociceptors from the spinal cord to the brain
spinothalamic pathway
Which of the following is most activated when a mother rubs her two-year-old back to get him asleep
C tactile (CT) afferents
Joey thinks back to when he had a car wreck and broke his femur and his pelvis. he can almost feel the pain. What area of the brain is associated with the thinking about pain?
Prefrontal Cortex
According to the textbook, Jonathan Cole had a virus that destroyed some of his kinesthetic receptors and mechanoreceptors. Which of the following examples describes his experience
He had to rely on vision to see where his body was placed in order to move around
______ is the transmission that pain acts like a gate that is pushed open by excitatory pain, signals, but closed by inhibitory inputs
gate control theory
Which of the following best describes the homunculus was discovered
Wilder Penfield charted the map while working with people with seizures
The hot bath water is is using which receptors
thermoreceptos
According to Loomis’s research on touch and patterns, which of the following with those who are blind, be able to distinguish best?
Dots used in Braille
Choose all of the following that is true about the dorsal horn
Axons of the tactile neuro fibers enter through the dorsal horn
Dorsal horn is organized in layers
Researchers found that tickling rats was ineffective when:
Tickling was ineffective when the rats were stressed.
_____ is the pathway from the spinal cord to the brain that carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
And a study completed by Legge and colleagues, using braille and touch sensitivity, they found that those who are blind:
maintained their tactile sensitivity throughout their life.
Joan has lesions of the _____ that has caused her not to recognize objects when touching them with her right hand
Parital Lobe
After coming out of a cave, it takes my eyes several minutes to adjust. Which of the following has a slow adaptation to light?
rods
According to the textbook, light is conceptualized by _______ or a stream of photons.
wave
The vitreous humor is a(n)
gel-like fluid between the lens and retina
Cones are most highly concentrated in which area of the retina?
fovea
Our _____ is our perception of colors, red blue, green, and yellow.
hue
Jackson is farsighted. This is best defined by the term:
hyperopia
Looking at a pool noodle half above water and half in the water, it looks bent. This is best described as:
refraction
_____ is the part of the eye that the processing of neural impulses begin.
retina
______ is a watery fluid between the cornea and the iris.
aqueous humor
The Transparent “window” on the outer part of the eye that allows light into the eyeball is called:
pupil
A dark, circular opening at the center of the eye, were light, enters the eye, is called ________
pupil
All that are characteristics of rods
slow adaptibility
a photoreceptor
works in dim lig
This term refers to the process by which eye changes focus
accomadation
Where is the Blindspot located?
fovea
My eyes are green. What am I referring to?
iris
I have astigmatism. This means:
My cornea is not spherical, but rather shaped like a football.
Choose all of the following that are characteristics of cones
associated with color
most are in the fovea
Since I turned 47, I am unable to read small, print close-up. This is most likely because of:
Presbyopia
A neuron will not fire, if a stimulus does not activate its:
reception field
Alexandria’s just adopted a toddler who was left in the dark most of its life. According to the ______ toddler may not have normal neuronal development
critical period
When I go to get my eyes checked each year, the first thing I do is read letters on a chart from 20 feet away. What is this chart called?
Shellen chart
Topographical mapping is the:
orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and visual cortex
P cells are different than M ganglion cells in that P ganglion cells:
are more sensitive to color
Which neurons are found in the LGN
magnocellular, parvocellular, and konicellular
The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved at 100% contrast is known as
acuity
______ is a misalignment of the two that a single object and space is image on the fovea of one eye and on the non-foveal area of the other (turned) eye.
strabismus
_____ is the visual pigment found in rods
rhodopsin
Scientists study contrast sensitivity for sine waves gratings because:
patterns of stripes with fuzzy boundaries are common in the real world
Suppose you were looking for your friends face and a crowd. Due to visual clutter, it will be hardest to identify her if she is standing:
between two people and is in your peripheral vision.
Which stimulus would optimally activate an ON-center ganglion cell?
A spot of light in the center of the receptive field
Which of the following is the most common ways to define, measure, and specify visual acuity?
minimum visual acuity, minimum resolvable acuity, minimum recognizable acuity, minimum discriminable acuity
Which of the following is a specialized retinal cell responsible for lateral inhibition
horizonal cells
Which object would have the most neurons responding to it in striate cortex and why?
An object in the fovea, because the fovea has greater cortical magnification than the periphery.
Retinal cells called _______ leave the eye via the optic nerve and transmit information to the brain and midbrain
ganglion cells
_____ not being able to recognize faces from birth
congenital prosopagnosia
What are the two main pathways from extra striate regions of the occipital lobe of the brain?
Where and what pathways
Which Gestalt grouping principle suggest that elements that are close to each tend to be seen as group together?
similarity
The term grandmother cell refers to a neuron that
responds best to one specific object.
A ____ process is one that carries out a computation one neural step after another, without the need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage
feed-forward
Scientist sometimes conduct ______ studies on animals, in which sections of their brain are surgically excised to see how it affects their behavior.
lesion
______ processing allows you to recognize your mom’s face when her picture is upside down
holistic processing
Which of the following is a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features that have been extracted from the image, and before object recognition and scene understanding
mid-level vision
Which area of the extra striate visual cortex helps me to recognize my high school math teachers face across Walmart parking lot
fusiform face area (FFA)
Which areas is/are not part of the extra striate cortex?
V1
______ is a failure to recognize objects, visually, in spite of the ability to see them
Agnosia
Which Gestalt grooving principal suggest that element sharing characteristics closely resembling each other
similarity
What type of lighting conditions occurred during the daytime and full sunlight
photopic
Researchers discovered the reason people saw the dress differently is because of shading differences
false
Which photo receptors are most active when looking at a green forest?
M-cones
An ______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed
afterimage
In World War I, natives painted some other shifts with very dramatic patterns. They use the art of ________
camouflage
Which of the following is not part of mid-level vision principles?
Embrace ambiguity
Gestalt psychologist emphasize that:
The perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts
According to the ______ theory, the color of light is defined in our visual system by the relationships among three numbers of a set
trichromacy
Which photo receptors do not contribute to color vision
rods
Which photo receptors are most active when looking at a blue sky?
S-cones
______ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical
metameters
Which of the following list is the steps and color perception in the correct order?
Detection, discrimination, appearance
_____ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the CNS
Achromatopsia
Which of the following is an argument from the textbook about the usefulness of color vision?
It helps animals find food and mates
What kind of cells in the LG compute chromatic differences such as (L-M) & (M-L)
It helps animals find food and mates
If normal binocular vision stimulation is not experienced during ______, then proper stereo vision might not develop
the critical period
______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly
strabismus
Jesse just had laser surgery on one of his eyes. He now is wearing an eyepatch. He can only see out of one eye. Which of the following terms best represents Jesse using one eye?
monocular visual cues
Stereo blindness usually result from:
childhood visual disorders
Prey animals tend to have ______ eyes to see predators
lateral
Virtual reality headsets have a separate display for each eye. What is another technical name for such a device?
stereoscope
At the top of pinnacle mountain, we can see, the rivers and roads. The tree leaves blend, making it look like a painting. This is _____ perspective.
aerial
Suppose you are picking up your friend from the airport. You watch people exit from the terminal while you search for your friend. In terms of visual search, your friend is the _____ and all the other people are _____.
target: distractors
______ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli
selective
Suppose you lose your keys. You look everywhere and can’t find them until you notice them on the table right in front of you, clearly within view the whole time. What phenomenon have you just experienced?
inattentional blindness
_____ is a common childhood disorder that can continue into adulthood and has symptoms such as difficulty, focusing attention, as well as problems with controlling behavior.
ADHD
When spaceships and Star Wars jump to light speed, and the stars seem to stream outward from the center of the screen, giving the sense of motion, which kind of stimulus is that?
Optic flow
I’m looking around a room and trying to find the coffee mug that you misplaced is an example of:
visual search
change Blindness is a failure to:
notice a change between two scenes.
Which statement about the development of motion perception and humans is false?
Sensitivity to visual motion is fully developed at birth.
There is more information in the world than we can process at once. What do you call processing some information at the expense other information?
attention
Suppose you were at a party, standing by for a moment. The group next to you is having an interesting conversation, full of gossip, and you are listening in. If you do not give any external signs that you are paying attention to their conversation. What kind of attention are you using?
covert
I am looking for a piece of a puzzle with two straight edges, I am using:
feature search
The _____ of the brain is important for initiating and guiding eye movements
SC
Suppose you go to a sporting event in a large stadium. At a glance, you can tell that there are more people rooting for the home team than the away team, based on the distribution of the two teams colors, and the stand. what aspects of attention support this rapid assessment
Ensemble statistics from the nonselective pathway
______ rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion
akinetopsia
Patients with ______ damage, have a problems, directing attention to objects and places on their left
right parietal lobe
The primary auditory cortex is organized in a _______ manner
The _______ as we find changes and sound pressure in the environment or translated into neural signals
Why is it important for it basilar membrane to move
What is the correct order for the structures through which sound information is transferred from the cochlea to the auditory cortex
What is the correct order of the vibrations from the eardrum as they passed through the ossicles
One of the rules of the ossicles it to
Frequency is usually measured in units called
What happens if the air canal is blocked, as when wearing earplugs
The organ of corti a structure on the basilar membrane composed of _______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers
The amplitude of sound is the
The reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by
Sounds are collected from the environment by the _______
Which type of hearing loss is due to inflammation of the ear, occurs commonly in children, as a result of infection, and is most often temporary
Most of the information about soundwaves is conveyed to the brain by the _______-
______ psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude
The _____ is a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal that vibrates in response to sound
______ can give some people who are deaf, the ability to hear
hearing aids
The purpose of the canal is to conduct sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane and…
Hearing loss that is caused by problems with bones in the middle ear is called _________
conductive hearing loss
The ____ is the relay station in the brainstem were inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences
medial superior olive
Suppose you watch a scary movie in the theater and loud noise causes you to jump in your seat. You have just experienced.
an acoustic startle reflex
I can listen and pay attention to different conversations at the same time
false
Being able to find my friend in a crowd of other people, because I recognize and pick out her voice is
auditory scene analysis
Finding the source of Al hooting is similar to locating/seeing the owl
false
Joey, who is blind uses _____ to help him avoid running into things
Suppose you get a new ear piercing that dramatically changes the shape of your pinna and causes you to have trouble localizing sounds. From which direction will you have the hardest time localizing sounds, and why
Sounds from above, due to changes in the direction transfer function
The _____ is the difference in time between sound arriving at one ear versus the other, and helps his localized sound
interaural time difference
The azimuth is the:
angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears.
Listening to your favorite song through your headphones, you can hear different sounds in each ear. It is like the band is in front of you. This recording is called:
biaural recordings
______ refers to the region of positions and space where all the produce the same time and level (intensity) differences
Humans are better at locating sound direction or location fest
location
It takes many repetitions of listening to complex sounds before humans learn recognize them
false
Neurons that are sensitive to intensity differences between the two years can be found in the _______
lateral superior olive
The ______ function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each year from different locations of space
directional transfer function
Changing older people’s pinnae helps with lowering frequencies
true
An octave is the:
interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1.
A melody is defined by the ________, rather than buying an exact sequence of sound frequencies.
pattern of rises and falls in pitch
Jazz musicians often “swing” the timing of when they play notes in the song such that there is a systematic deviation from the regular rhythm. This is an example of.
syncopation
If you image the brain of somebody who was listening to speech, what lobe of the brain is most active?
temporal
A person who can tune a guitar or piano ear alone, without using electronic tuning device, has _____ pitch
absolute
____ is the perceived speed of the presentation of sounds
tempo
Suppose a baby grows up in a home with its parents and grandparents. The parents speak one language, and the grandparents speak another, so the baby hears both languages in the home. What will most likely happen to the babies, ability to perceive and produce phonemes from the two languages at about one year old
The baby will be able to perceive and produce phonemes from both languages.
______ is the psychological aspect of a sound, related, mainly, to perceived frequency
pitch
The three basic components of the production of speech are respiration, phonation, and
articulation
A ______-as a combination of three or more musical notes with different pitches played simultaneously
chord
The ______ is the airway above the larynx that is used for the production of speech, and includes the oral and nasal tracts
vocal tract
______ is the process through the vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs
phonation
The development of ______ has made it possible for us to learn about how speech is processed in the brain
imaging techniques
What is the effective culture on the perception of music?
People tend to hear musical notes in ways that correspond to their culture.
