Final Exam Flashcards
Cumulative Exam
What is Personality?
An Individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
What is Reliability?
Consistency of findings or results of a psychology research study
What is Validity?
The data collected is accurate and represents the truth compared to others outside the study
What is Self-Report Data (S-Data)?
A Person’s evaluation of his or her own personality
What are the ADVANTAGES of Self-Report Data (S-Data)?
- Large Amounts of Information
- Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
- Simple and Easy
What are the DISADVANTAGES of Self-Report Data (S-Data)?
- Bias
- Error
- To simple and to easy
What is Informant Data (I-Data)?
Judgement by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of the Individual’s personality
What are the ADVANTAGES of Informant Data (I-Data)?
- Large amount of Information
- Real-World Basis
- Common Sense
- Definitional Truth
- Causal Force
What are the DISADVANTAGES of Informant Data (I-Data)?
- Limited Behavioral Information
- Lack of Access to Private Experience
- Error (more likely to remember extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing
- Bias
What is Behavioral Observed Data (B-Data)?
Data taken by observation of anothers behavior and put into numbers
What are the ADVANTAGES of Behavioral Observed Data (B-Data)?
- Range of Context
- Appearance of objectively
What are the DISADVANTAGES of Behavioral Observed Data (B-Data)?
- Difficult and Expensive
- Uncertain Interpretation
What is Life Outcome Data (L-Data)?
Information about an Individual gathered from their life record or life history
What are the ADVANTAGES of Life Outcome Data (L-Data)?
- Objective and Verifiable
- Intrinsic Importance
- Psychological Relevance
What are the DISADVANTAGES of Life Outcome Data (L-Data)?
- Several different factors in the origin of a disorder
What is Generalizability?
Measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations
What is Effect Size?
Tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the differences between groups is
What is Moderator Variable?
The relation between the independent variable and dependent variable changes across levels of the moderator
What is Cross-Sectional Study?
Study of personality development in which people of different are assessed at the same time
What is Cohort Effect?
People of different ages may differ because they grew up in different social (and perhaps physical) environments
What is Longitudinal Study?
Study of one person’s personality over a long period of time
What is Temperament?
The term often used for the “personality” of very young, pre-verbal children
- Activity level
- Emotional Reactivity
- Cheerfulness
What is the Single-Trait Approach?
Look closely at a single trait
- Self-Monitoring
-Conscientiousness
What is the Many-Trait Approach?
Looking at many traits at once. Try to determine which traits correlate with certain behaviors
- Drug and Alcohol use
- Aggression in Adulthood
What is Essential-Trait Approach?
Reduce all traits into those that are most essential or most important
- Big Five
What is Typological Approach?
Focuses on identifying types of individuals
- each type is characterized by a particular pattern of traits
What are Hormones?
A biological chemical that affects parts of the body some distance from there it is produced
What is the Amygdala?
Structure located near the base of the brain that is believed to play a role in emotion, especially negative emotions such as anger and fear
What are Neurotransmitters?
A chemical that communicates from one neuron to another
What are Endorphins?
“pain-killing” chemicals, blocks the transmission of pain messages to the brain
What is Cortisol?
- Chemical released in response to stress
- Chronically high levels in people with severe stress, anxiety, and depression
- Low levels related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and sensation seeking
What is Introspection?
The task of observing one’s own mental processes
What is Publication Bias?
Failingto publish unwanted results of a study to the public; Withholding study results
What is Experience Sampling?
Set of data collection methods for gathering systematic self-reports of behaviors, emotions, or experiences as they occur in the individual’s natural environment
What is Countertransference?
Therapists independently getting caught up in transferring their own feelings to a client
What is Catharsis?
Process of releasing negative emotions such as grief and anger, thereby relieving the adverse psychological impact of these emotions
- Often referred to Venting
What is Ethnocentrism?
Seeing the world through a cultural lense
What are the Big Five?
O - Openness
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism
What does “Openness” Tell us about behavior?
How open-minded, imaginative, creative, and insightful a person is or can be
Represents how willing a person is to try new things
What does “Conscientiousness” Tell us about behavior?
Tend to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; they display planned rather than spontaneous behavior
Refers to an individual’s desire to be careful and dilligent
What does “Extroversion” Tell us about behavior?
Active people who are sociable, talkative, and assertive
Measures how energetic, outgoing and confident a person is
What does “Agreeableness” Tell us about behavior?
A person’s ability to put other people’s needs above their own.
Refers to how an individual interacts with others
What does “Neuroticism” Tell us about behavior?
Increases your risk of experiencing negative emotions
- Irritability
- Anxiety
- Self-Doubt
- Depression
Represents how much someone is inclined to experience negative emotions
What is the Gene-Environment Interaction?
Interaction between genes and the physical and social environment
What Factors lead to Publications Bias?
Researchers often do not submit their negative findings because their research
- “FAILED”
- Could lose their funding
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability measure the precision of a test
Validity looks at accuracy
What is Trait Approach?
How people differ psychologically
What is Biological Approach?
Understand the mind in terms of the body
What is Psychoanalytic Approach?
Focus on the unconscious mind and internal mental conflict
What is Phenomenological Approach?
Focuses on peoples conscious experience of the world
- Humanistic: Understand the meaning and basis of happiness
- Cross-Cultural: How the experience of reality might be different across cultures
What is the Learning and Cognitive Processes Approach?
- Learning: How behavior changes as a result of rewards, punishment, and other life experiences
-Classic Behaviorism: Focuses on overt behavior
-Social Learning: How observation and self-evaluation determine behavior
- Cognitive Personality: Focuses on cognitive processes, including perception, memory, and thought
What is personality assessment?
Patterns of behavior : Motives, Intentions, goals, strategies, and how people perceive and construct the world
Personality Tests: Projective Tests
A personality test in which subjects are shown ambiguous images and asked to interpret them
Personality Tests: Projective Tests ADVANTAGES
- Good for breaking the ice
- Some skilled clinicians may be able to use them to get information not captured by controlled research
Personality Tests: Projective Tests DISADVANTAGES
- Validity evidence is scarce
- Expansive and time-consuming
- Psychologist cannot be sure about what they mean
Personality Tests: Objective Tests
Self-reporting system that measures personality traits on “yes” or “no” scale
Personality Tests: Objective Tests ADVANTAGES
- Easy to administer
- Straightforward
Personality Tests: Objective Tests DISADVANTAGES
- Oversimplifying complex personality traits
- Results may be distorted by social desirability or lack of self-awareness
- People may manipulate their responses to present themselves in a better/worse light
How has Freud contributed to modern psychology?
Explaining how the right balance between the ID, Ego, and Superego can lead to a healthy personality
What is Learning?
The change in behavior as a result or function of experience
What is Behaviorism?
A study of how controlled changes to a subject’s environment affect the subject’s observable behavior
What is Functional Analysis?
Examines the causes and consequences of behavior
What is Habituation?
Simplest form of behavior change as a result of experience
What is Classic Conditioning?
The process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with a specific stimuli
What is Learned Helpessness?
When someone repeatedly faces uncontrollable, stressful situations, then does not exercise control when it becomes available
What is Respondent Conditioning?
The Acquisition of knowledge in response to environmental signals
- Allergies are an example of this
What is Operant Conditioning?
Method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
What is Reinforcement?
Increase in behavior
What is Self-Efficacy?
The Expectation that one can accomplish something successfully
What is Self-Concept?
An overarching idea we have about who we are (physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually)
What is Observational Learning?
Method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expression
What are Goals in psychology?
The cognitive representation of a desired state
- The intention of an activity or a plan
What are Strategies?
A Planned approach or technique used to influence and modify behavior, thoughts, or emotions
What is Procedural Knowledge?
Knowledge exercised in the accomplishment of a task
What is Declarative Knowledge?
Facts and information about a topic
What is Emotional Intelligence?
The ability to manage both your own emotions and understand the emotions of the people around you
What is Cognitive Control?
The Process by which goals or plans influence behavior
What is Implicit Bias?
The subconscious feelings, attitudes, prejudices, and stereotypes an individual has developed due to prior influences and imprints throughout their lives
What is Social Learning Theory?
The philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation and modeling
What are Cognitive Theories of Personality?
Focus on an individual’s self-perception, thoughts, what they value, and attitude toward life events
What is the Ontological Self?
A somewhat mysterious entity that does the observing and describing
Experiences life and makes decisions; people differ in level of self-awareness
What is the Epistemological Self?
An object that can be observed and described, statements about the self
(I am friendly. I have brown hair.)
What is Declarative Self?
All of your conscious knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits
What is Procedural Self?
Patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual and the behaviors though which people express who they are
What is Self-Esteem?
How we value and perceive ourselves
What is Self Schema?
All of one’s ideas about the self, organized into coherent systems
What is Long Term Memory?
Permanent memory storage
What is Self-Reference Effect?
The Enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking how information relates to the self
What is Personality Disorder?
A mental health condition where people have a lifelong pattern of seeing themselves and reacting to others in ways that cause problems
What is Ego-Systonic?
Refers to thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one accepts as part of oneself and DOES NOT WANT TO BE CURED OF; even if others find them difficult
What is Ego-Dystonic?
Refers to troubling thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one experiences as alien or foreign and WOULD LIKE TO GET RID OF
What is the “Bad 5”?
Negative Affectivity
Detachment
Antagonism
Disinhibition
Psychoticism
What is Categorial Approach?
Relies on diagnostic criteria to determine the presence or absence of disruptive or other abnormal behaviors
The Dimensional Approach?
5 out of the 8 symptoms to diagnose major depressive disorders
What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy?
A type of talk therapy for people who experience emotions very intensely
What are the Similarities and Differences of Behaviorism and Social Learning Therapy?
Social Learning Theory says internal thoughts impact what behavior response comes out
Behaviorism doesn’t study or feature internal thought processes as an element of action
What are the Types of Learning?
Classic Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
How to Increase Motivation?
- Set an actionable goal
- Surround yourself with supportive people
- Identify and treat mental health conditions
What are the stages of emotional experiences?
Biological Experience (Umwelt)
Social Experience (Mitwelt)
Psychological Experience (Eigenwelt)
What are the roles of Self?
- Self-Esteem
- Actual Self
- Ideal Self
What are Deal Makers in Personality?
Traits that promote good relationships
What are Deal Breakers in Personality?
Traits that prevent or undermine relationships
What are the different types of Attachment?
Secure attachment style: Feel confident in their relationship
Anxious attachment styles: Intense fear of rejection and abandonment
Avoidant-Dismissive Attachment style: someone avoiding vulnerability, closeness, and intimate attachment to others
Disorganized attachment style: Extreme desire to be in an intimate relationship while simultaneously being intensely afraid of actually being in such a relationship
What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?
Extreme pattern of behavior with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control
At the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Extremely odd thoughts, strange ideas, unconventional behavior, superstitious beliefs, difficulty with close relationships
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?
Belief one is superior
Expects and needs recognition from others
Expect special treatment and feels entitled
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?
Disregard and violate the rights of others
-Illegal activity
-Impulse Control Struggles and risky behavior
-Irritable, Aggressive, and Irrisponsible
What is Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?
Long-standing pattern of instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism
What is Dependent Personality Disorder?
The longterm pattern of passively allowing others to take responsibility for one’s self
- Difficulty making everyday decisions
- Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life
What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?
“People are dangerous”
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
“I need to impress”
Dramatics
What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?
“I need plenty of space”
Isolation
What Major Theories of Personality Disorders did we discuss?
Psychodynamic: Passively obtain needs and/or ambivalent about choice
Interpersonal: Desperate search for acceptance and approval from others
Cognitive: Self-Schema includes positive and negative thoughts
Biopsychosocial: systematice integration of biological, psychological, and social approaches to the study of mental health and specific mental disorders
