Final Exam Flashcards
studying
The table shows your distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species…which species would you designate as the outgroup?
5
Two principal organelles in eukaryotes that were apparently derived from different types of bacteria are the
mitochondria and chloroplasts
consider the cladogram above…which specie has greatest number of ancestral states
1
based on the phylogeny shows, which characteristics is homoplastic
tree
the group that probably gave rise to chloroplasts is?
cyanobacteria
What is the purpose of ancient metabolic pathways in microorganisms
to generate energy for life processes
What would result for global climate from a massive drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide
a decrease in surface temperature
The early Earth’s reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except
oxygen
consider the cladogram…shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)
6 and 5
Cyanobacteria changed the early earth’s atmosphere by giving off
oxygen
The Permian-Triassic mass extinction paved the way for what group of animals to diversify
dinosaurs
Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by
endosymbiosis
The age of the Earth according to modern estimations is about
4.6 billion years
A frog should be added to the phylogeny above at point
A
Who is the ancestral group of this phylogenetic tree
carnivore
Derived character states shared by clade members are called
synapomorphies
Based on the phylogeny…the outgroup would be species
1
The following are steps used to construct a cladogram…based on the fewest character state changes?
Apply the principle of parsimony
Life apparently originated on Earth about
3.5 billion years ago
Based on the phylogeny…is not a tree but has seeds
rose
Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared…in any below it are called
derived characters
These are the oldest known fossils…successive generations of microbial communities
stromatolites
The common ancestor shared by mouse and gorilla is at point ___ on the phylogeny shown
E
Assume that the ancestors of this phylogeny had vascular…lists all key traits of a ginkgo?
seeds, tree, vascular tissue, and chlorophyll
The table shows the distribution of traits…which pair of species diverged most recently
2 and 3
What is the main purpose of the ozone layer in earths atmosphere
protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation
Which of following was produced in experiments on primitive earth…Miller-Urey and others
amino acids
Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result…are said to be ___ characteristics
ancestral
The moon probably formed when
a Mars-sized object rammed into Earth
What are trilobites most closely related to
arthropods
Which of following structures were not derived from the endomembrane system
chloroplast
Infolding of the cellular membrane has led to development of the
nuclear envelope
The table shows the distribution of traits…pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)
1 and 6
The table shows the distribution of traits…pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters
1 and 4
What number is the common ancestor of C and D
4
What is the Cambriaan Explosion
a great number of species evolved
Throughout Earth’s history…factors contributed to these events?
all of them
What are biomarkers
lipids well preserved in rocks that represent living organisms
Choose the true statement about the morphological data…considered “TRAITS” for purposes of reading the chart
the lamprey is the only outgroup since it has none of the derived characteristics
The table shows the distribution of traits…greatest number of ancestral character states (pleisiomorphies)
5
What is the role of the micronucleus in ciliates?
Reproduction
If the label on a slide reads Gram-positive bacillus, what would students expect to see?
Purple rod shaped cells
What is the primary mechanism by which bacterial conjugation occurs?
Through a pilus connecting two bacterial cells
During transformation, how do bacteria incorporate foreign DNA?
By taking up DNA from their surrounding environment
What are the two main groups of green algae?
Chlorophyta and Charophyta
What component is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of bacterial cells walls?
Peptidoglycan
Gardasil is marketed as a cervical cancer vaccine, but it is actually a human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine. Why is this done?
HPV in the cervical epithelial cells may cause cells to become cancerous
The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called?
Plasmodium
The White Cliffs of Dover, a famous landmark in England is made of limestone, which is really a collection of pore-studded shells (tests) of
Foraminifera
Bacteria sexually transmitted diseases include all of the following EXCEPT
Herpes
What bacterium is most commonly associated with the development of stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What is the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages?
Lytic cycle kills the host cell, while lysogenic cycle integrates the viral DNA into the host genome
What is the main difference in the cell wall structure between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than Gram-negative bacteria
Which statement best represents the use of bacteria in bioremediation?
The cleanup of oil spills on ocean beaches
Certain prokaryotes can withstand dying and hotter temperatures because of their ability to form
Endospores
Common characteristic of Alveolata is
Layer of flattened vesicles beneath the plasma membrane
What is the primary symptom of the first stage of syphilis?
A chancre (sore)
During the replication of a viral genome, what is the role of the host cell’s machinery?
Used to replicate and transcribe the viral genome
Which of the following best describes the initial step of a virus infecting a host cell?
Specific attachment to host cell receptors
Phages are viruses that can infect
bacteria
Why is Chlamydia much more common than syphilis?
Many Chlamydia infections are asymptomatic
What is “antigenic shift” in the context of influenza viruses?
Significant change resulting from the combination of two different strains
What is the role of bacteriophages in transduction?
They transfer DNA from one bacterium to another
During the evolution of Opisthokonts, which group is believed to have diverged first?
Choanoflagellates
Which of the following is a trait that a virus shares with a living organism?
They have genetic material
What is the primary characteristic of a prion?
it is a misfolded protein that can induce other proteins to misfold
Which of the following viruses is known for establishing latent infections in humans?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of latent viral infections?
The virus is actively replicating
Current classification of prokaryotes is based on
Sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA
in the life cycle of many brown algae, the alternation of generations involves which two stages?
Gametophyte and sporophyte
Dinoflagellates are known for their role in which of the following environmental?
Red tide
The direction of genetic information transfer in a retrovirus (such as HIV) is
RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein
Once a prophage is present in a bacterial genome, viral genes are produced every time the bacterium multiplies? Expression of viral genes, however, is inhibited by a repressor protein. Cell stress can induce the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. What will result?
the virus will enter the lytic cycle
What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic?
the presence of chloroplasts
The prokaryotic DNA is located in the
Nucleoid region
Phytophthora infestans, the causative agent of potato famine, is an example of which group?
Oomycetes
Viruses are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
Being capable of independent reproduction
Radiolarians belong to which major group of protists?
SAR
Protists are classified into a single kingdom because of which of the following features?
They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals
What is the primary function of CRISPR systems in bacteria?
To provide immunity against phages
Framers often practice crop rotation to help enrich agricultural fields. Why are beans and other legumes often used in the rotations?
bacteria in legume root nodules to fix nitrogen
The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis are caused by
trypanosomes
Some protists use multiple fission (cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions) as a means of reproduction. Multiple fission is also referred to as
Schizogony
Amoebas move from place to place by means of their
pseudopods
How do parabasilids contribute to their ecological niche?
By breaking down cellulose in the guts of termites
Which cells does HIV primarily attack?
CD4 T cells
Which group of people is MOST at risk of serious health problems due to Toxoplasma gondii infection?
pregnant woman
Which flu pandemic is known as the “Spanish Flu” and caused widespread mortality in the early 20th century?
1918 pandemic
Which of the following best describes viral tissue tropisn?
Ability of a virus to infect only specific types of tissues in the body
Phil has chronic ulcers, he has been taking acid blockers and drinking vast amounts of liquid antacids. these help relieve the symptoms but he still suffers from ulcers. What would be the best course of action to treat the source of his ulcers?
taking a course of antibiotics
Due to their primately compound leaves, tropical habitat, and overall appearance members of which phylum are often thought as a type of palm?
Cycadophyta
The sticky part of a flower’s pistol, which catches pollen, is called the
Stigma
Which structure in ferns is responsible for the production of spores
Sori
Which of the following BEST describe sciernchyma cells
Thick-walled and dead at maturity
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of monocot stems?
Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
What is the primary function of aerial roots in epiphytes?
to absorb moisture and nutrients from the air
A major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems is the organization of the
Vascular tissue
Double fertilization produces a ___ embryo and a ___ endosperm
Diploid, triploid
Why is animal dispersal of seeds important for some plant species?
It allows seeds to be dispersed over a wide area
Which root system typically has one main root that grows down vertically, with smaller lateral branches?
Tap root system
What is the significance of the fusion of polar nuclei before fertilization?
It prepares the cell for the development of the endosperm
Which of the following stem modification is adapted for photosynthesis?
Cladophyllis
Which part of the flower’s stamen produces pollen?
Anther
In the annual rings of woody trees, how does the cell size within the xylem of the spring and summer wood compare to the fall and winter wood?
The cells are larger
Produces parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells
ground meristem
in an experiment, some herbaceous, nonwoody plants were exposed to frequent windy conditions or mechanical shaking for several hours per day. the flexibility of these plants was due to the ___ cells
Collenchyma
Which of the following is a true lycophyte?
Clubmoss
What is the role of rhizoids in bryophytes?
Anchorage and absorption
Horsetails are primarily characterized by the presence of:
Silica in their cell walls
Whisk ferns belong to which of the following groups?
Pterophytes
In gymnosperms the female gametophyte develops within the?
Cones
What is the significance of lenticels in the stem?
They facilitate the exchange of gases
What is a bract?
A modified leaf that surrounds a flower or a flower cluster
Which of the following is true about the life cycle of ferns?
they have a dominant sporophyte stage
Which of the following is an example of a multiple fruit?
Pineapple
Which features of a Cooksonia suggests it played a crucial role in the colonization of land by plants?
The development of vascular tissue
Seed domancy can be an adaptation to:
Ensure germination occurs during optimal environmental conditions
Ephedrine is a stimulant that is derived from a member of the phylum
Gnetophyta
Which of the following plants has a tuber as its modified stem
Potato
Liverworts belong to which of the following groups?
bryophytes
Which of the following is an example of a drupe?
Peach
Plant cells that give rise to two cells, one of which is free to differentiate into various kinds of cells that contribute to the plant body, are called
Meristematic cells
Which part of the moss life cycle is dominant and photosynthetically active?
Gametophyte
What happens to the ovary after fertilization in angiosperms?
It becomes the fruit
What happens during the process of double fertilization?
One sperm cell fertilized the egg cell, and the other fuses with two polar nuclei
What is the significance of the shoot apical meristem?
It is responsible for the primary growth of the shoot, allowing it to increase in length
Which type of leaf venation is most commonly found in monocots?
parallel
Which process leads to the formation of spores in the haplodiplontic life cycle?
Meiosis in the sporophyte
Which phylum includes the pine, cedar, redwood, and hemlock trees?
Coniferophyta
In the alternation of generations, what is the diploid phase called?
Sporophyte
Club Moss belong to which of the following groups?
Lycophytes
What role do vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) play in the adaptation of plants to land?
They transport water, minerals, and nutrients
Spines in cacti are modified leaves that primarily serve what function?
Protection
Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seed plants?
Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tracheophytes?
Seeds
In gymnosperms, fertilization of the ovule typically occurs:
Several months after pollination
Ferns reproduce through spores. Where are these spores typically found?
On the underside of the fronds
Which of the following is not a modified stem?
Spine
In mosses, the structure that produces eggs is called?
Archegonium
Which statement is true regarding the evolutionary history of plants?
Gymnosperms evolved before angiosperms
What disease is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and has been associated with the decline in amphibian populations?
Chytridomycosis
What are the long, slender filaments called that multicellular fungi consist of?
hyphae
What is the role of fungi in the biosphere?
they are the principalpal decomposers
In the leaf cutter ant colonies, the ants clip leaves to feed a fungus garden and then the ants feed on the fungus. Is this a mutualistic relationship?
Yes, the ants and the fungus are engaged in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.
What is found in the cell walls of fungi?
chitin
What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by athlete’s foot?
Parasitism
Parazoa
have no true tissues
Which term describes an animal without a body cavity?
acoelomate
A division of fungi that has plasmogamy (fusion of gemetangia) and develops into zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.
zygomycetes
Which class includes the sea anemones, most corals and sea fans?
Anthozoa
How do cnidarians typically capture their pray?
using their nematocysts to sting and immobilize prey
Lichens are adversely affected by
pollution
The fruiting structures formed by secondary mycelia of basidiomycetes are known as
mushrooms
The fungi that cause serious plant disease, such as Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight, includes bread yeasts, and produces penicillin, belong to the phylum
Ascomycota
What is a defining characteristic of the Acoelomorpha phylum?
Absence of a digestive tract
What is the process called when fungi secrete enzymes outside their body to break down complex molecules into simpler compounds they can absorb?
external digestion
Which cells in sponges are responsible for generating water currents and capturing food?
choanocytes
What is the gelatinous, protein-rich matrix found between the outer and inner layers of cells in a sponge called?
mesophyl
Which of the following fungi usually form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the outer cells of the plant roots are penetrated by the fungal hyphae and cannot survive without a host?
glomeromycetes
Jellyfish are the most commonly associated with which cnidarian class
Scyphozoa
The rusts and smuts that seriously affect crop plants are
basidiomycetes
Touching a jellyfish can be a very painful experience whereas touching a comb jelly is not painful. Why is there a difference?
Ctenophores do not possess nematocysts
Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place by means of
conidia
What is a characteristic feature of an open circulatory system?
blood is pumped by a heart through vessels that open into body cavities
What distinguishes a true coelom from a pseudocoelom?
a pseudocoelom has no lining, while a true coelom is fully lined with mesoderm
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the polyp stage in cnidarians?
sessile
Of the following combination of statements about protostomes and deuterostomes, which choice is correct?
Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus or anal pore develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development.
Corals engage in a symbiotic relationship primarily with which of the following organisms?
Zooxanthellae
Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called
Mycorrhizae
How do ctenophores move through the water?
By beating their comb rows
Which of the following is a unique feature of bird bones?
They are hollow and lightweight
Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?
Osteocytes
An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies
The molting process
Which nematode parasite that lives in the human rectum, and causes itching in the anal area?
Pinworms
A couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, and they decide to see a fertility specialist. Which two organ systems will the specialist exam in this couple?
Reproductive and endocrine systems
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a parasitic flatworm. Which class does this parasite belong to?
Trematoda
What is the primary feature that distinguishes annelids from other worm-like creatures?
Having a segmented body
Of the following sequences, which one reflects the best scientific knowledge about the succession of Homo species from the past until the present?
Homo hablis–> Homo erectus –> Homo heidelbergensis –> Homo sapiens
What is the primary component of the Bryozoa exoskeleton?
Calcium carbonate
What is the primary component of the exoskelton of arthropods?
Chitin
Which muscle contraction is involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
In terms of the number of species, the most successful class of arthopods is
Hexapoda
Which part of the brachiopod anatomy acts as a filter-feeding apparatus?
Lophophore
Which class of phylum Mollusca is characterized by animals having a single, often spirally coiled shell?
Gastropoda
What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Which one of the following was not an adaptation seen in the sharks (Chondrichthyes) ?
Swim bladder
Which of the following is NOT a class of fish?
Arachnida
Ichthyostega is an important fossil because it represents a transitional form between:
Fish and amphibians
If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is call a(n) ____ gland.
Exocrine
Scorpions have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae. Which taxonomic group are they a member of ?
Chelicerata
Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body?
Bones
Homo erectus has been shown to have dispersed from
Africa
Trichinosis is primarily contracted from eating:
Undercooked pork
In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principals kinds of primary tissues?
Supportive
What is the significance of archaeopteryx in the study of evolution?
It is the oldest known bird, showing a transistion between dinosaurs and modern birds.
Which of the following epithelial tissues secretes mucous and is dense with cilia?
Pseudostratified columnar
What is the common name for members of the class Cephalopoda?
Squid and octopuses
Which of the following chordate subphyla does NOT possess a backbone at any stage of their life?
Both B and C
Why are epithelial membranes not very thick?
Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.
Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells?
Excess mucus production
A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond?
Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.
Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What does this exemplify?
Negative feedback
Which reptile order is considered the most primitive and has only one living species, the tuatara?
Ryhnochocephalia
Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant?
Hypothalamus
Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because
Their reproduction depends on water
The only marsupial mammal living in North America is the
Opossum
Reptiles can maintain their internal body temperature by
behavioral mechanisms
One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the
Amniotic egg
What adaptation do many parasitic nematodes have for feeding on host tissues?
Specialized mouthparts or stylets for piercing
Sea stars belong to the
Asteroidea
What unique feature do cephalopods have that is not found in other mollusks?
A beak
Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems?
Reflection
Which group of mammals lay eggs?
Monotremes
Nemerteans are primarily:
Marine
Most bony fish have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the
Operculum
Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?
Cell body
The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of
Jointed appendages
Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp are part of which arthropod group?
Crustacea
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of adult turnicates?
Presence of a tunic made of cellulose-like carbohydrate
What type of growth model is shown in image A
logistic
What does R0 represent in context of infectious diseases
average number of people who will catch a disease from one contagious person
Which choice most closely approximates deer population’s carrying capacity based on graph
80
In which distribution pattern might animals be spread out evenly over a territory due to territorial behavior?
uniform
Which of following best describes her immunity
it is the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease…especially through vaccination
What is lake stratification
division of a lake into three layers based on temperature
What impact does diffuse pollution have on water bodies
contributes to nutrient loading and eutrophication of water bodies
As the global concentration of carbon dioxide increases, there is great potential for direct impact on world’s
climate
What is biomagnification?
increase in concentration of substance in tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in food chain
What impact does El Nino have on fishing industry in eastern Pacific?
decreases fish populations due to nutrient-poor warmer waters
Oxygen levels in the photic zone fluctuate over the…when would you expect to see lowest levels of oxygen and why?
During the night- because the light reactions of photosynthesis are inactive
Which of following is common route of transmission for zoonotic diseases?
direct contact with infected animals
Which interaction involves one organism living on the inside another organism and causing harm?
parasitism
What is the typical sequence of vegetation in primary succession starting from bare rock?
lichens-mosses-grasses-shrubs-trees
Why are keystone species important for maintaining the structure of an ecological community?
they prevent any single species from dominating the ecosystem
Which of following is NOT a direct method of plant defense against herbivores?
growing taller
Which of following disturbances would most likely lead to secondary succession?
a new island forming from volcanic activity
In ___ mimicry, two or more unrelated…thus achieving a kind of group defense
Mullerian
Destruction of which biome would result the greatest loss of biodiversity?
tropical rain forest
Lakes become eutrophic by
accumulation of organic matter
Many times species are composed of networks…when do metapopulations occur?
when suitable habitat is patchily distributed by areas of unsuitable habitat
Prairie is another name for a
temperate grassland
A relationship in which both members benefit is called
mutualism
Alligators excavate holes in the bottom of bodies…thus, alligators in this system can be classified as an
keystone species
Periodic disturbances of the Pacific currents that causes global weather changes are given the name
El Nino
Which of following is example of commensalism?
barnacles hitching a ride on skin of a whale
What are population pyramids used to show?
age composition of a population
The difference in the fundamental niche and the realized niche is
fundamental niche is the entire niche that a species is capable of using while the realized niche is just what is being occupied
The way is which an organism utilizes its environment may be called
its niche
Resource partitioning can often be seen in similar species that occupy the same geographic area…other resources and are called ___ species
sympatric
Biomes are broad regional areas defined with flora and fauna…graph of precipitation versus temperature?
Tropical rain forest = 1; desert = 2; tundra = 3; grassland = 4
Which of following marine ecosystems would be expected…and primary production per unit area?
oligotrophic oceans
An unscrupulous dog breeder has been selecting for dogs… why might this strategy be counterproductive?
puppies from large litters are likely to be malnourished and mother will have few resources to devote to future litters
The figure included shows the body temperature of lizards versus air temperatures… conclusions is best supported by these data
body temperature of lizards is more constant in open than in shaded forest habitats
A small group of mice were released on an island…how would you describe the situation?
new population size is a result of density-independent regulation
The size at which a population in a particular place is defined as the __ for that species
carrying capacity
What is a characteristic feature of r-selected species?
high reproductive rate
What is a common trait of k-selected species in terms of offspring?
they produce a small number of offspring with a high investment in each
A mountain range along the coast of a continent is located…where the rain shadow is located?
on the leeward side of the mountain where cool, dry air is descending
CO2 and other gases, which absorb the longer wavelengths of infrared light and radiated heat from Earth, are responsible for causing
greenhouse effect
The relatively shallow part of the ocean extending from the low tide mark to edge of continental shelf is called
neritic zone
If the energy of sun no longer reached Earth…ecosystems would be least affected?
deep sea hydrothermal vent
Competition shapes communities because there are usually limited
resources
The great deserts and associated arid areas of world…continents at about
30 north and south latitude
Organisms such as lizards that need to maintain body temperature through external means do so by
sunbathing
In ___ mimicry, unprotected species resemble others that are distasteful
bastesian
What is a key difference in assumptions made by logistic…regarding environmental resources?
logistic assumes resources are limited, while exponential assumes they are unlimited
