Final Exam Flashcards
studying
The table shows your distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species…which species would you designate as the outgroup?
5
Two principal organelles in eukaryotes that were apparently derived from different types of bacteria are the
mitochondria and chloroplasts
consider the cladogram above…which specie has greatest number of ancestral states
1
based on the phylogeny shows, which characteristics is homoplastic
tree
the group that probably gave rise to chloroplasts is?
cyanobacteria
What is the purpose of ancient metabolic pathways in microorganisms
to generate energy for life processes
What would result for global climate from a massive drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide
a decrease in surface temperature
The early Earth’s reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except
oxygen
consider the cladogram…shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)
6 and 5
Cyanobacteria changed the early earth’s atmosphere by giving off
oxygen
The Permian-Triassic mass extinction paved the way for what group of animals to diversify
dinosaurs
Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by
endosymbiosis
The age of the Earth according to modern estimations is about
4.6 billion years
A frog should be added to the phylogeny above at point
A
Who is the ancestral group of this phylogenetic tree
carnivore
Derived character states shared by clade members are called
synapomorphies
Based on the phylogeny…the outgroup would be species
1
The following are steps used to construct a cladogram…based on the fewest character state changes?
Apply the principle of parsimony
Life apparently originated on Earth about
3.5 billion years ago
Based on the phylogeny…is not a tree but has seeds
rose
Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared…in any below it are called
derived characters
These are the oldest known fossils…successive generations of microbial communities
stromatolites
The common ancestor shared by mouse and gorilla is at point ___ on the phylogeny shown
E
Assume that the ancestors of this phylogeny had vascular…lists all key traits of a ginkgo?
seeds, tree, vascular tissue, and chlorophyll
The table shows the distribution of traits…which pair of species diverged most recently
2 and 3
What is the main purpose of the ozone layer in earths atmosphere
protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation
Which of following was produced in experiments on primitive earth…Miller-Urey and others
amino acids
Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result…are said to be ___ characteristics
ancestral
The moon probably formed when
a Mars-sized object rammed into Earth
What are trilobites most closely related to
arthropods
Which of following structures were not derived from the endomembrane system
chloroplast
Infolding of the cellular membrane has led to development of the
nuclear envelope
The table shows the distribution of traits…pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)
1 and 6
The table shows the distribution of traits…pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters
1 and 4
What number is the common ancestor of C and D
4
What is the Cambriaan Explosion
a great number of species evolved
Throughout Earth’s history…factors contributed to these events?
all of them
What are biomarkers
lipids well preserved in rocks that represent living organisms
Choose the true statement about the morphological data…considered “TRAITS” for purposes of reading the chart
the lamprey is the only outgroup since it has none of the derived characteristics
The table shows the distribution of traits…greatest number of ancestral character states (pleisiomorphies)
5
What is the role of the micronucleus in ciliates?
Reproduction
If the label on a slide reads Gram-positive bacillus, what would students expect to see?
Purple rod shaped cells
What is the primary mechanism by which bacterial conjugation occurs?
Through a pilus connecting two bacterial cells
During transformation, how do bacteria incorporate foreign DNA?
By taking up DNA from their surrounding environment
What are the two main groups of green algae?
Chlorophyta and Charophyta
What component is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of bacterial cells walls?
Peptidoglycan
Gardasil is marketed as a cervical cancer vaccine, but it is actually a human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine. Why is this done?
HPV in the cervical epithelial cells may cause cells to become cancerous
The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called?
Plasmodium
The White Cliffs of Dover, a famous landmark in England is made of limestone, which is really a collection of pore-studded shells (tests) of
Foraminifera
Bacteria sexually transmitted diseases include all of the following EXCEPT
Herpes
What bacterium is most commonly associated with the development of stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What is the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages?
Lytic cycle kills the host cell, while lysogenic cycle integrates the viral DNA into the host genome
What is the main difference in the cell wall structure between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than Gram-negative bacteria
Which statement best represents the use of bacteria in bioremediation?
The cleanup of oil spills on ocean beaches
Certain prokaryotes can withstand dying and hotter temperatures because of their ability to form
Endospores
Common characteristic of Alveolata is
Layer of flattened vesicles beneath the plasma membrane
What is the primary symptom of the first stage of syphilis?
A chancre (sore)
During the replication of a viral genome, what is the role of the host cell’s machinery?
Used to replicate and transcribe the viral genome
Which of the following best describes the initial step of a virus infecting a host cell?
Specific attachment to host cell receptors
Phages are viruses that can infect
bacteria
Why is Chlamydia much more common than syphilis?
Many Chlamydia infections are asymptomatic
What is “antigenic shift” in the context of influenza viruses?
Significant change resulting from the combination of two different strains
What is the role of bacteriophages in transduction?
They transfer DNA from one bacterium to another
During the evolution of Opisthokonts, which group is believed to have diverged first?
Choanoflagellates
Which of the following is a trait that a virus shares with a living organism?
They have genetic material
What is the primary characteristic of a prion?
it is a misfolded protein that can induce other proteins to misfold
Which of the following viruses is known for establishing latent infections in humans?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of latent viral infections?
The virus is actively replicating
Current classification of prokaryotes is based on
Sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA
in the life cycle of many brown algae, the alternation of generations involves which two stages?
Gametophyte and sporophyte
Dinoflagellates are known for their role in which of the following environmental?
Red tide
The direction of genetic information transfer in a retrovirus (such as HIV) is
RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein
Once a prophage is present in a bacterial genome, viral genes are produced every time the bacterium multiplies? Expression of viral genes, however, is inhibited by a repressor protein. Cell stress can induce the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. What will result?
the virus will enter the lytic cycle
What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic?
the presence of chloroplasts
The prokaryotic DNA is located in the
Nucleoid region
Phytophthora infestans, the causative agent of potato famine, is an example of which group?
Oomycetes
Viruses are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
Being capable of independent reproduction
Radiolarians belong to which major group of protists?
SAR
Protists are classified into a single kingdom because of which of the following features?
They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals
What is the primary function of CRISPR systems in bacteria?
To provide immunity against phages
Framers often practice crop rotation to help enrich agricultural fields. Why are beans and other legumes often used in the rotations?
bacteria in legume root nodules to fix nitrogen
The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis are caused by
trypanosomes
Some protists use multiple fission (cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions) as a means of reproduction. Multiple fission is also referred to as
Schizogony
Amoebas move from place to place by means of their
pseudopods
How do parabasilids contribute to their ecological niche?
By breaking down cellulose in the guts of termites
Which cells does HIV primarily attack?
CD4 T cells
Which group of people is MOST at risk of serious health problems due to Toxoplasma gondii infection?
pregnant woman
Which flu pandemic is known as the “Spanish Flu” and caused widespread mortality in the early 20th century?
1918 pandemic
Which of the following best describes viral tissue tropisn?
Ability of a virus to infect only specific types of tissues in the body
Phil has chronic ulcers, he has been taking acid blockers and drinking vast amounts of liquid antacids. these help relieve the symptoms but he still suffers from ulcers. What would be the best course of action to treat the source of his ulcers?
taking a course of antibiotics
Due to their primately compound leaves, tropical habitat, and overall appearance members of which phylum are often thought as a type of palm?
Cycadophyta
The sticky part of a flower’s pistol, which catches pollen, is called the
Stigma
Which structure in ferns is responsible for the production of spores
Sori
Which of the following BEST describe sciernchyma cells
Thick-walled and dead at maturity
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of monocot stems?
Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
What is the primary function of aerial roots in epiphytes?
to absorb moisture and nutrients from the air
A major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems is the organization of the
Vascular tissue
Double fertilization produces a ___ embryo and a ___ endosperm
Diploid, triploid
Why is animal dispersal of seeds important for some plant species?
It allows seeds to be dispersed over a wide area
Which root system typically has one main root that grows down vertically, with smaller lateral branches?
Tap root system
What is the significance of the fusion of polar nuclei before fertilization?
It prepares the cell for the development of the endosperm
Which of the following stem modification is adapted for photosynthesis?
Cladophyllis
Which part of the flower’s stamen produces pollen?
Anther
In the annual rings of woody trees, how does the cell size within the xylem of the spring and summer wood compare to the fall and winter wood?
The cells are larger
Produces parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells
ground meristem
in an experiment, some herbaceous, nonwoody plants were exposed to frequent windy conditions or mechanical shaking for several hours per day. the flexibility of these plants was due to the ___ cells
Collenchyma
