Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Paul-Elder Critical Thinking Framework
A
Intellectual standards→Elements of reasoning→Intellectual traits→Intellectual standards
2
Q
Accuracy, precision, clarity, depth, significance, relevance, logic, fairness
A
Intellectual standards
3
Q
Purpose, inferences, question, concepts, POV, implications, info, assumptions
A
Elements of reasoning
4
Q
Humility, perseverance, autonomy, empathy, fair-minded, integrity, courage
A
Intellectual traits
5
Q
__ is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belied and action
A
Critical thinking
6
Q
Purpose, question at issue, information, concepts, assumptions, interpretation, implications, points of view
A
Elements of thought
7
Q
Clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic, significance, fairness
A
Intellectual Standards
8
Q
Intellectual integrity, intellectual fair-mindedness, intellectual courage, confidence in reasoning, intellectual perseverance, intellectual humility, intellectual autonomy, intellectual empathy,
A
Intellectual traits
9
Q
Always document any __ on chart (diagnostic images)
Receive/send out __ in writing
A
medical/dental history
referrals
10
Q
Written consent for a procedure
Giving the pt information to make the best choice
Pt agrees/signs that they had the opportunity to ask questions and all their questions were answered
A
Informed Consent
11
Q
Informed consent only protects against __
A
non-negligent tx
12
Q
Monitor online reputation
Be professional when replying
Always maintain pt privacy/HIPAA
A
Online Reviews
13
Q
Neurodevelopmental/ Intellectual Developmental disorders.
A
A disorder of mental and adaptive functioning
(Is not a disease or mental illness)
14
Q
4 categories of neurodevelopmental/ intellectual developmental disorders
A
Medical
Brain Damage
Genetic
Psychiatric
15
Q
Autism -
Down Syndrome -
Fragile X Syndrome -
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -
Cerebral Palsy -
A
(psychiatric)
(genetic)
(genetic)
(medical)***preventable!!
(brain damage)
16
Q
Access to Health Care issues for Neurodevelopmental/ Intellectual Developmental disorders.
A
Live in nursing homes, group homes, adult day programs, intermediate care facilities
Difficult to get to a dentist office
17
Q
Typical oral health issues.
of Neurodevelopmental/ Intellectual Developmental disorders.(7)
A
Periodontal Disease
Dental Caries
Malocclusion
Missing Permanent Teeth and Delayed Eruption*
Teeth with developmental defects (Enamel Hypoplasia)*
Damaging Oral Habits
Trauma and Injury
18
Q
Reduce distractions
Communication with Caregiver
Communication with Patient
Consistency
Active Listening
A
Mental Strategies
19
Q
Communication with Caregiver
Scheduling
Reward/Compliments
A
Behavior Strategies
20
Q
Maintain clear path
Wheelchair transfer
A
Physical Strategies
21
Q
Cardiovascular Anomalies
A
Mitral valve prolapse
22
Q
Caregiver oral health techniques.
A
Give oral health instruction to caregiver
Create oral hygiene education community programs
23
Q
Oral Hygiene positioning, modifications, limitations, and armamentarium
A
Stand behind person with patient seated or lying down
Stabilize patient’s head
24
Q
Inability to reach mouth:
Difficulty holding brush:
A
extended handle
use a wider handle, strap, or tennis ball
25
Surround toothbrush
Collis curve brush
Suction toothbrush
Mouth props
Papoose (kid burrito)
Fluoride treatment
Armamentarium (For development disorders)
26
Appropriate communication principles for pediatric patients (5)
Tell, show, do
Voice control
Positive reinforcement
Distractions
Modeling
27
Controlled modulation of voice to direct the patient’s behaviors
Should only be done with parents permission
Should never be done in anger
Voice control
28
Reward positive behavior
Social rewards
- Voice tone
- Praise
Nonsocial rewards
- Tokens
- Prizes
Positive reinforcement
29
Divert the child's attention from what might be perceived as unpleasant
Visual
- Television
- Tablet
Auditory
- Story telling
- Music
Distractions
30
Dentist demonstrates while sibling watches
Modeling
31
Treatment options for children.
Encourage child to drink water and reduce exposure to sugary drinks
Fillings/crowns/extractions
Nonoperative treatment
Medical immobilization
Sedation
General anesthesia
Diet modification
3 month recall
Establish dental home
Establish aggressive caries
prevention plan
32
Defined by impairments in the following areas
- Physical
- developmental
- Mental
- Sensory
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Emotional
Special needs
33
Behavior & behavior guidance
Ask parent questions about the child’s behavior to help determine how child may behave
Tell-show-do, voice control, positive reinforcement, distraction, modeling
34
Frankl behavior rating:
-- (1: __)
- (2: __)
+ (3: __)
++ (4: __)
refusal
reluctant
cautious but accepting
definitely positive
35
Oral health effects of Tobacco use.
Gingival recession
bone loss
root surface caries
Leukoplakia
precancerous white patch
oral/pharyngeal cancer
periodontitis
staining
halitosis (bad breath)
reduction in wound healing
mouth sores
hairy tongue
altered sense of taste
36
mixture of more than 7000 chemicals and over 70 are carcinogenic
Secondhand smoke
37
Children exposed to tobacco have greater risk of
decreased lung function
Asthma
SIDS
respiratory infection
- Pneumonia
- bronchitis
ear infection
38
not regulated by FDA; less harmful but not harmless, have fewer toxins and no tar but risk for cancer; pt used should be discouraged
E-Cigs
39
some forms have higher amounts of nicotine than cigarettes; users are 50 times more likely to develop cancers of the cheek, gum, and lining of the lips
Smokeless tobacco (Dip)
40
Health consequences of smokeless tobacco use
periodontal effects (gum recession, bone loss, cavities), oral leukoplakia (pre-cancerous white patch), oral/pharyngeal cancer
41
Why people smoke
stress, social, attention
42
Dopamine →
- Appetite suppression
Norepinephrine →
- Appetite suppression
Acetylcholine →
- Cognitive enhancement
Glutamate →
- Memory enhancement
Serotonin →
- Appetite suppression
B-endorphin/GABA →
- Inhibitory
Pleasure
Arousal
arousal
Learning
Mood modulation
Reduction of anxiety and tension
43
Stages of changes for quitting nicotine (5)
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
44
Not ready for change
precontemplation
45
Thinking about change
Contemplation
46
Getting ready to make change
Preparation
47
Making the change
Action
48
sustaining the behavior change until integrated into lifestyle
Maintenance
49
Five A's to help patients stop smoking
Ask
(About use, history, and smoking habits)
Advise
(Discuss health risks and encourage to quit)
Assess
(Willingness to quit)
Assist
(With quit attempt and help create an action plan)
Arrange
(Follow-up care)
50
5 R's to increase motivation to quit
Relevance
(Why quitting is personally relevant)
Risks
(Negative consequences of smoking)
Rewards
(Benefits of smoking cessation)
Roadblocks
(Identify barriers to quitting)
Repetition
(Repeat every time during patient visit)
51
Pharmacotherapy/ Medications (FDA approved) - there are only SEVEN that are approved (That help with nicotine)
Nicotine gum
Nicotine patch
Nicotine inhaler
Nicotine lozenge
Nasal spray
Bupropion (Zyban)
Varenicline (Chantix) - no nicotine
52
Etiologic factors of gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Biofilm microbes, not necessarily calculus
53
Understand etiology and progression of oral disease
Etiological factor:
biofilm microbes
54
Plaque starts as __
Mostly gram __ microbes
Invades the gingival sulcus
- Gram __ microbes
- More __
- Production of __
(lipopolysaccharides)
supragingival
positive
negative
motile
endotoxins
55
Inflammation of gingival tissues
Stage I -
Stage II -
Stage III -
Stage IV -
Subclinical
Early
established
Advanced
56
inflammation extends into the attachment apparatus (alveolar bone, cementum, PDL)
Periodontitis
57
More gram negative microbes (polymorphus gingivalis, prevotella intermedia)
Periodontitis
58
inflammation of the gingival tissues; plaque starts as supragingival (mostly gram positive microbes); gingival sulcus invaded by gram negative microbes (more motile, produce endotoxins/LPS)
Gingivitis
59
Gingivitis
Stage 1 -
Stage 2 -
Stage 3 -
Stage 4 -
Subclinical
Early
Established
Advanced
60
__ (slow rate)--->non smoker/ no diabetes
__ (moderate rate)---> x<10 cigs daily, HbA1c <7.0%
__ (rapid rate)---> x>10 cigs daily, HbA1c >7.0%
Grade A
Grade B
Grade C
61
sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth and gumline.
Plaque
62
If not removed, plaque can harden into a yellow or brown substance called
calculus
(Calculus is harder to remove than plaque and can cause gum disease and tooth decay.)
63
Both plaque and calculus contribute to poor oral health. Plaque can cause tooth decay and gum disease by producing __ that erodes the enamel of teeth and irritates gums. Calculus, on the other hand, can lead to more serious dental problems such as __, which is a severe form of gum disease that can damage the bone and tissues that support teeth.
acid
periodontitis
64
Basics of periodontal probing technique.
Walking stroke
10g-20g pressure
Record deepest measurement per site
Keep tip of probe below gingival margin
Proper angulation (keep probe flush with tooth surface)
65
Recognize common dietary items that affect oral disease
Nutritional deficiencies
Vit A, B1, B2, B6, C
Vit C (ascorbic acid)
- Scurvy: Defective formation and maintenance of connective tissue
66
Recognize common dietary items that affect oral disease
Dietary considerations
Level of cariogenic carbohydrates
Consumption habits
Acid in diet
Fluoride exposures
67
Identify instruments need to retrieve periodontal numbers
Periodontal probe
68
Fuzzy section
Built in threader
Good for bridges, implants, orthodontic appliances
Super floss
69
For Bridges, orthodontics, bonded teeth
Floss threaders
70
Great for Blunted papilla
Open embrasures
Open contacts
Remember: BOO
Interdental brush
71
Stimulants blood flow in gingival tissue
Dislodges debris
Rubber tip stimulator
72
Small area of bristles
Small head
Great for
-Missing teeth
- Distal molars with recession
- Hard to reach areas
End tufted brush
73
Furcations, perio pockets*, bridges, orthodontics
Does NOT replace floss
Irrigation devices
74
Most effective antimicrobial agent
Mouth rinse
Chlorhexidine 0.12%
75
Chlorhexidine 0.12%
__ reduction in plaque initially
__ reduction long term
60%
45-55%
76
Side effects of chlorhexidine
Staining
Altered taste
Increase calculus
77
Toothpastes
Sodium fluoride
Stannous fluoride
- Antimicrobial
78
Anticalculus agents
- Soluble pyrophosphate
- Zinc citrate
79
Toothbrushes
__ bristle, change every __months
Soft
3
80
More strokes
Built in timer
Pressure sensor
motivating
Electronic toothbrush
81
Bristles at 45 degree angle to gumline
Small circular motions
Roll bristles towards the occlusal plane before moving to the next area
Sulcular brushing
Modified bass brushing technique
82
Understand flossing
18 in. floss
Wrap around middle fingers
Leave 2-3 inches between fingers
Wrap around the tip of the index fingers
Slide floss under papilla
Wrap floss around tooth
- “C” shape
Pull floss back and forth
- “Shoe shine”
Move up and down
Repeat on other side of contact
83
Punishment __ behavior
Reinforcement __ behavior
decreases
increases
84
Ways to increase patient cooperation
Buy in (motivated patient)
Avoid information overload
Discuss benefits
Talk about prior experiences
85
Explain instructions
Avoid __
Allow time for __
overly technical jargon
questions
86
Set attainable goals
Reinforce for next visit
Floss 3 times per week
Explain the evaluation at next visit
Clear criteria
Creates accountability
87
continuous biological, psychological, and social process beginning with conception and ending with death
Aging
88
NO definition of
Old
89
remaining life from certain point in time
Life Expectancy
90
Life expectancy of
Males-
Females-
Overall-
73.5 years
79.3 years
76.4 years
91
period of time that one has lived (oldest= 122)
Life span
92
of years from birth to death of every person
Lifetime
93
Classification Systems
Chronological age (young vs. old)
Dependency status (independence/ frailty)
94
(ADLs)
Activities of daily living
95
(IADLs)
Instrumental activities of daily living (eating, survival, etc)
96
Major emotional changes __ a normal part of aging (but common)
are NOT
97
Depression in old people
15-20% depression
98
Hearing Impairment
30% of adults __
47% of adults __
Remove mask to speak
65-74
75+
99
IF someone has Vision Impairment
Adequate lighting, color distinctions in office
100
If someone has trouble with Spatial Awareness
- __ hazard
- Help patients __
Fall
into chair
101
Cognitive Changes
Declining __
May forget __
memory
drugs/ med history
“Which of these three drugs are you taking?”
102
General Patient Assessment ( of the elderly)
Higher prevalence of chronic diseases
Underreporting on paperwork
Ask Patient to bring all medications to dental office with them
Assessment of nutritional status (chewing/ swallowing difficulties)
103
Oral Hygiene Issues and Common Findings of the elderly
Xerostomia with medications (not a normal side effect of aging)
Decreased pulp size (less sensitive)
Enamel is more brittle and darker
Perio, Erosion, Abrasion, Attrition (bruxism)
Dentures
Thin Skin
Impaired range of motion for brushing/ flossing
104
Ageism effects on elderly
Still has the ability to learn new things, but may take more time
Elder abuse
Infantilism
105
Implications of aging/ elderly patients on dentistry.
Elderly increasing in #
Elderly generate as much income as other age groups
Issues of access for homebound and nursing home bound
Wheelchair transfers
106
Makes a bridge between wheelchair and dental chair
Patient slides onto board and over to dental chair
Sliding board transfer
107
2 person method
Determine patients needs and abilities
Prepare the dental operatory
Prepare the wheelchair
- Lock wheels
- Remove arm rests
Perform the two person transfer
First clinician
- Stand behind patient and place your arms under patients upper arms and grasp wrists
Second clinician
- Place both hands under the patients lower thighs
Position the patient after transfer
Transfer from dental chair to wheelchair
108
Balance sheet
assets - liabilities = net worth
109
Income statement
income - expenses = profit (or loss)
Shows money flow over time
Expenses increase the more dentistry you do
Indicates taxable income
110
Cash flow
cash inflows = cash outflows
Cash receipts & disbursements over time
Shows spending patterns, saving & investments
Depreciation affects cash flow by reducing the amount of cash a business must pay in income taxes
111
Estimate future spending based on historical patterns
Budget statement
112
Pro Forma
Projected statement, any 4
Pro forma documents are financial statements that project future financial performance. They are typically used in business planning, budgeting, and forecasting.
113
Capital business used day-to-day operations
“Extra cash”
Working capital
114
Amoxicillin 2000 mg or clindamycin 600 mg (adult)
Amox. 50 mg/kg or clind. 20mg/kg (children)
Antibiotics
115
NSAIDS for dental pain
NSAID + acetaminophen for moderate-severe pain
116
Antimicrobial mouth rinses
Peridex (Chlorhexidine 0.12%)
117
Antifungals
Nystatin
118
Antivirals
“-vir” medications (acycloVIR)
119
Oral soft tissue meds for ulcerative/erosive disorders
Magic MouthWash, prednisone
120
Xerostomia TX
Biotene
121
Oral hygiene tx
Prevident (toothpaste)
122
Heading of prescription
Prescriber name, address, #
Pt info
Date
123
Body of prescription
Medication
Instructions for pharmacist
Directions to pt
124
Closing of prescription
Prescriber signature, DEA#, License#, # refills
125
Schedule I-
not for medical use (heroin, LSD)
126
Schedule II-
high abuse potential (morphine, codeine, adderall)
127
Schedule III-
less chance addiction (tylenol + codeine, steroids, ketamine)
128
Schedule IV -
low abuse (xanax, valium, klonopin)
129
Schedule V -
no prescription required (cough syrups)
130
Use __ system prior to prescribing schedule drugs and obtain DEA #
KASPER (Kentucky drug monitoring program)
131
Cannot issue an Rx for more than a __ supply of a schedule __ drug (unless certain conditions are met)
3 day
II/III
132
May provide 1 refill within __ if initial Rx for same controlled substance
30 days
133
Mission is to enforce the controlled substance laws and regulation of the United States
Must apply for license and renew every 3 years
DEA (drug enforcement administration)
