Final exam Flashcards
What are the three elements of prosody?
Stress, Intonation (the rise and fall of your voice) and pauses
Know what a phoneme is and how to determine the number of phonemes in a word. For example, in the word sad there are three phonemes s-a-d. In the word bee there are two phoneme: b-ee.
The smallest units making up the spoken language, combined to form syllables and words. Each individual sound in a word. There are 26 letters in English but 44 phonemes.
- Know the difference between a grapheme and a phoneme
Phonemes are the spoken sounds in words, graphemes are the letters that are used as a physical representative for the sounds.
- What are the components of Executive Function and how does that impact reading?
Executive function is defined as the mental process used to perform activities of self regulation. There are three core subtypes of executive function:
* Cognitive Flexibility: Being able to shift attention among competing stimuli and consider alternatives.
* Inhibitory Control: The ability to consider when to act and when to not act, the ability to choose which actions to exhibit and which it inhibits.
* Working Memory: The ability to hold information in mind while thinking about it.
Executive functions help the reader to set goals for reading a text, monitor understanding, and make reading repairs when needed.
Students with poor EF may have a harder time paying attention, remembering what they read, and trouble drawing inferences.
- What does research say is the impact of phonemic awareness instruction?
- More students experience success learning to read and write.
- More students will achieve expected literacy learning outcome.
- Few students will need higher levels of literacy instruction.
- Know the difference between phonemic awareness and phonics.
Phonemic awareness is auditory. The ability to discriminate between, manipulate, and remember the sounds of speech. Phonics is a visual skill, it is the ability to match speech sounds with the corresponding visual letters.
- What do I mean by blending, isolating, and deleting phonemes
Phoneme blending is the ability to combine or blend individual phonemes into a word (what word do these sounds make? /h/ /o/ /t/, hot). Phoneme isolating is the ability to isolate a single sound from a word (what is the last sound in sat? What is the vowel sound?). Phoneme deletion is the ability to isolate and remove a sound from a word (what is dog without the /d/? -og).
- What is phonemic deletion and insertion?
Being able to remove a phoneme from a word and insert another one. (Replace the /-/ in ____ with /-/. What is the new word?
- What is decoding?
The process of turning print into speech by determining the phonemes for each grapheme and blending them into oral words. Connecting the spelling and sound, then determining the meaning and context.
- What does research say about phonics instruction and how it should be taught?
Phonics goes beyond just sounding out graphemes. Students must be involved in word study which includes orthographic mapping.
1. Students develop a general knowledge of English spelling.
2. Word study increase specific knowledge of words-the spelling and meaning of individual words.
3. Word study examines words in order to reveal the logic and consistency within our written language system and to help students achieve master in recognizing, spelling, and defining specific words.
Instruction needs to be explicit with practice matching letters and sounds, blending the sounds, and reading the words. You also need to give context on the word meaning to help students remember and decoding can become effortless.
Children who have good knowledge of grapheme-phoneme correspondences can retain words in their long-term memory with more efficiency than those who don’t so teach these systematically.
Learning to read words sequentially helps students to be more easily able to read the whole word and know its meaning.
- Fluency is measured by what three components?
- Accuracy: Also known as automaticity, it refers to the person’s ability to read words in a text.
- Rate: The speed a person reads.
- Prosody: Refers to stress, intonation, and pauses. Commonly known as “reading with feeling”. In order to implement fluency teaching into reading instruction, teachers need to be aware of the three components of fluency.
- What are the components of text complexity and what do they mean?
- Quantitative: Overall quantitative text difficulty can be determined by a readability formula. Frequently used readability formulas include Lexile, Dale-Chall, and Spache. This uses sentence length and word frequency.
- Qualitative: making informed decisions about how difficult a text is to read. Thinking about levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity (Does the text contain language that is familiar, clear, and straightforward; or does it contain lots of academic language and words with multiple meanings?), and theme and knowledge demands (background knowledge needed).
- Reader-task considerations: in addition to using quantitative and qualitative factors when matching texts to students, it is important to consider the student’s needs, interests, and abilities, and the task the student is asked to complete, when deciding whether a text is appropriate for him or her.
- Be able to tell the difference between various text structures.
- Description: describes or explains a topic, idea, person, place, or thing to give the reader a mental picture.
- Sequence: Explains the steps to follow for something
- Compare and Contrast: examines the similarities and differences between two or more people, events, concepts, and ideas.
- Cause and Effect: tells why something happened (cause) and what happened (effect).
- Problem and Solution: sets up a problem or problems, explains the solution, and then discusses the effects of the solution.
- Chronological: Lists events in chronological order
- Know the difference between a consonant blend and a digraph.
A blend is two consonants that blend together but make separate sounds. Each letter retains their original sound. Ex: in “stop” the /s/ and /t/ blend but make different sounds.
A diagraph is two consonants tht make one sound. Ex: ch, sh
Diagraph: th, ch,
Blend: brain, train
- What is the developmental sequence for phonological awareness?
- Oral Rhymes and Alliteration: recognizing the beginning and ending sounds of words.
- Words: hearing and counting the number of words when we read or speak.
- Syllables: breaking words up into their largest parts—hearing and counting these parts.
- Onset/rime: hearing and identifying the onset (the part of a syllable before the vowel) and the rime (the vowel and consonants that follow).
- Phonemes: identifying each individual unit of speech in a word that can be heard discreetly.
